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Most accounts of environmental treaty ratification emphasize the boundedness of states, characterizing ratification as a calculated "choice" of interested, rational actors. Here I present an alternative to this view, depicting nation‐states as constructed of globally legitimated models, including those seen to promote environmental protection. Countries with dense connections to world society are most likely to embody global models of nation‐state environmentalization, regardless of measures of national interests, such as natural degradation, economic development, scientific capacity, or political openness. I test the alternative views in a series of structural equation models with latent variables, analyzing cross‐national variation in the number of international environmental treaties ratified during the periods 1900‐1945, 1946‐1962, 1963‐1972, and 1973‐1990. In every analysis a nation‐state's linkage to world society is the strongest predictor of its number of ratifications. The results lend support to the notion that nation‐states are constituted within a wider world social system, in which environmental protection forms a central and highly legitimate node of discourse and activity.

Examines the impact of international nongovernmental organization (INGO) conferences & discourse on the shift from the 19th-century view of population growth as essential for national strength, to the postwar position that population control is crucial for economic development. The changing content, increasing density, & global diffusion of population-control discourse/activity are traced, arguing that INGOs not only promoted the conceptual shift, but were instrumental in the establishment of state population-control policies. Emergence of a connection between national well-being & population control is examined in light of previous failures to establish such a link, suggesting that changes in discourse coincided with changes in the global institutional environment. While pronatalism (promoting population growth for national power) was dominant during the imperialistic, pre-WWI period, eugenics (encouraging population management for national purity) burgeoned during the nationalist interwar period. Neo-Malthusianism, linking population control with national/individual enhancement, has dominated in the recent nation-state period. It is concluded that, while the world polity influences population density, population-control global discourse creates a policy model for states. 3 Tables, 3 Figures. J. Lindroth

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1. The University as a World Institution -- 2. The Worldwide Instantiation of the University -- 3. The University Population in World Society and University Organizations -- 4. The Societal Culture of -- 5. The Human Actor and the Expansion of Academic Knowledge -- 6. The Expanded University and the Knowledge Society -- 7. Reflections on the Global Knowledge Society -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- INDEX

In the following essay, we respond to the Douglass book on Neo-Nationalism and Universities (2021) and the Global Perspectives Review Symposium: Universities between Inter- and Renationalization. We see the university's extraordinary success as a transcendent global institution fomenting tensions with specific instances of the university in national (and neo-nationalist) contexts. Attacks tend to be on organizational issues in local cases, rather than on The University as a powerful but inchoate global institution.

Die Autoren zeigen in ihrem Beitrag, dass die Universität ein kulturelles Modell ist, welches die Transformation von lokalem in universales Wissen erlaubt. Die weltweite Expansion der Hochschulbildung und die damit verbundenen Veränderungen in den Universitäten sind im Unterschied zu der oft verbreiteten Annahme nicht die Folge des Bedarfs an spezialisierten und hochqualifizierten Arbeitskräften in einer sich immer weiter ausdifferenzierenden Gesellschaft. Vielmehr sind die globalen Normen des Universalismus und des Individualismus die treibenden Kräfte hinter der unvorhergesehenen Expansion der Hochschulen und des Anstiegs der Immatrikulationen. Die Autoren verdeutlichen anhand von vergleichenden qualitativen Daten über das Kursangebot an der Harvard University und der University of Tokyo vom 19. Jahrhundert bis zum Jahr 2000, dass eine nahezu unbegrenzte Anzahl von Themen von einem zunehmend großen Personenkreis studiert werden kann. Diese Entwicklung korrespondiert mit dem grundlegenden Menschenrecht auf höhere Bildung und die Studierenden erscheinen in diesem Lichte als befähigte Individuen und aktive Teilnehmer bei der Erforschung der sozialen und physikalischen Welt. (ICI). Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 1853 bis 2000.

This project was funded through a number of grants. The Welsh Government New Ideas Social Research Fund supported the initial research. The study was also supported by two UK research centres. The Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer) is a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council (RES-590-28-0005), Medical Research Council, the Welsh Assembly Government and the Wellcome Trust (WT087640MA), under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. The Centre for the Improvement of Population Health through E-records Research (CIIPHER) is one of four UK e-health Informatics Research Centres within the Farr Institute funded by a joint investment from: Arthritis Research UK, the British Heart Foundation Cancer Research UK, the Chief Scientist Office (Scottish Government Health Directorates), the Economic and Social Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research, the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research (Welsh Government) and the Wellcome Trust (grant reference: MR/K006525/1). Conflict of interest sta ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Identifies global institutional factors contributing to the formation & growth of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) dedicated to environmental concerns. It is shown how changes in perceptions of humanity's relationship to the natural world influenced the dramatic increase in number, members, resources, & linkages of environmental INGOs. An event-history analysis of the hazard rate at which environmental INGOs were formed after 1875 reveals the importance of an increase in rationalized scientific discourse, as well as the creation of intergovernmental environmental organizations. Recent developments suggest that the growth of existing organizations has taken precedence over the formation of new groups, & that environmental INGO formation is not directly affected by global environmental problems. A discussion of the impact of the first UN Conference on the Environment (1972) & of subsequent UN environment programs on formation of state environmental protection agencies indicates that states are responsive to changes in world culture, & INGOs have played a significant role in moving the environment from invisibility to centrality in world culture. 1 Table, 3 Figures. J. Lindroth

In recent decades a great expansion has occurred in world environmental organization, both governmental and nongovernmental, along with an explosion of worldwide discourse and communication about environmental problems. All of this constitutes a world environmental regime. Using the term regime a little more broadly than usual, we define world environmental regime as a partially integrated collection of world-level organizations, understandings, and assumptions that specify the relationship of human society to nature. The rise of an environmental regime has accompanied greatly expanded organization and activity in many sectors of global society. Explaining the growth of the environmental regime, however, poses some problems. The interests and powers of the dominant actors in world society—nation-states and economic interests—came late to the environmental scene. Thus these forces cannot easily be used to explain the rise of world mobilization around the environment, in contrast with other sectors of global society (for example, the international economic and national security regimes).