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Based on an assumed structural and conceptual paradox characterizing (language use on) contemporary television, the linguistic analysis concentrates on a description of language use by the institutional agents acting within the institutional setting of the television studio. The analysis focuses on selected editions of three television formats covering contemporary German and U.S.-American television: news, daytime talk shows and magazines (news, political and tabloid magazines). The paradox underlying the linguistic analysis results from the existence of an institutional frame that is affected by a linguistic development on television described as 'conversationalization'. Conversationalization denotes the linguistic process whereby contemporary media language tends to include with increasing frequency (features typical of) informal everyday conversation thus becoming more and more 'conversationalized' in character. The present analysis is an attempt at demonstrating the nature of the language – formal, institutional or informal, private – that is used in a television format and by means of this to comment on (hypothesized and expectable) grades of conversationalization. The analysis is performed on the basis of what is called 'institutional talk' and 'private talk', i.e. everyday conversation. Their components are initially discussed including a clarification of 'formal' and 'informal speech styles' with respect to their possible constituent features. In the linguistic analysis it is shown that all three television formats reveal a tendency towards using either institutional talk (news), private talk (daytime talk shows) or a linguistic form ranging somewhere between these two types of talk (particular magazine types). ; Ausgehend von einem strukturellen und konzeptionellen Paradox, welches das Gegenwartsfernsehen (und seinen Sprachgebrauch) prägt, konzentriert sich die sprachliche Analyse auf die Beschreibung der Verwendung von Sprache seitens der institutionellen Agenten, die innerhalb des institutionellen Rahmens – dem Fernsehstudio – agieren. Die Analyse beinhaltet bestimmte Ausgaben dreier Fernsehformate des deutschen und U.S.-amerikanischen Gegenwartsfernsehens: Nachrichten, Daily Talk Shows und Magazine (Nachrichten-, Polit- und Boulevardmagazine). Das der Analyse zugrunde liegende Paradox resultiert aus der Existenz eines institutionellen Rahmens, der bestimmt ist durch eine sprachliche Entwicklung im Fernsehen, die als 'Konversationalisierung' beschrieben wird. Konversationalisierung bezeichnet den Prozess, durch den die Sprache der Gegenwartsmedien vermehrt den Charakter bzw. die Eigenschaften der informellen Alltagskonversation annimmt. Die erstere wird dadurch mehr und mehr 'konversationalisiert'. Die vorliegende Analyse stellt einen Versuch dar, die Eigenheiten der Sprache eines Fernsehformates zu demonstrieren – formell, institutionell oder informell, privat – und auf diese Weise Aussagen machen zu können über das (behauptete und erwartbare) Ausmaß der Konversationalisierung. Die Analyse basiert auf 'institutioneller Rede' und 'privater Rede', d. h. Alltagskonversation, deren Komponenten eingangs erörtert werden. Dies beinhaltet eine Verdeutlichung von 'formellen' und 'informellen Sprechstilen' im Hinblick auf deren mögliche konstituierende Elemente. Die sprachliche Analyse zeigt, dass alle drei Fernsehformate eine Tendenz aufweisen, entweder institutionelle Rede (Nachrichten), private Rede (Daily Talk Shows) oder eine sprachliche Zwischenform (bestimmte Magazintypen) zu benutzen.

The utilization of electricity-based fuels (e-fuels) is a potential strategy component for achieving greenhouse gas neutrality in the European Union (EU). As renewable electricity production sites in the EU itself might be scarce and relatively expensive, importing e-fuels from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) could be a complementary and cost-efficient option. Using the energy system model Enertile, supply curves for hydrogen and synthetic methane in the MENA region are determined for the years 2030 and 2050 to evaluate this import option techno-economically. The model optimizes investments in renewable electricity production, e-fuel production chains, and local electricity transport infrastructures. Analyses of renewable electricity generation potentials show that the MENA region in particular has large low-cost solar power potentials. Optimization results in Enertile show for a weighted average cost of capital of 7% that substantial hydrogen production starts above 100 €/MWhH2 in 2030 and above 70 €/MWhH2 in 2050. Substantial synthetic methane production in the model results starts above 170 €/MWhCH4 in 2030 and above 120 €/MWhCH4 in 2050. The most important cost component in both fuel production routes is electricity. Taking into account transport cost surcharges, in Europe synthetic methane from MENA is available above 180 €/MWhCH4 in 2030 and above 130 €/MWhCH4 in 2050. Hydrogen exports from MENA to Europe cost above 120 €/MWhH2 in 2030 and above 90 €/MWhH2 in 2050. If exported to Europe, both e-fuels are more expensive to produce and transport in liquefied form than in gaseous form. A comparison of European hydrogen supply curves with hydrogen imports from MENA for 2050 reveals that imports can only be economically efficient if the two following conditions are met: Firstly, similar interest rates prevail in the EU and MENA; secondly, hydrogen transport costs converge at the cheap end of the range in the current literature. Apart from this, a shortage of land for renewable electricity generation in Europe may lead to hydrogen imports from MENA. This analysis is intended to assist in guiding European industrial and energy policy, planning import infrastructure needs, and providing an analytical framework for project developers in the MENA region.

The utilization of electricity-based fuels (e-fuels) is a potential strategy component for achieving greenhouse gas neutrality in the European Union (EU). As renewable electricity production sites in the EU itself might be scarce and relatively expensive, importing e-fuels from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) could be a complementary and cost-efficient option. Using the energy system model Enertile, supply curves for hydrogen and synthetic methane in the MENA region are determined for the years 2030 and 2050 to evaluate this import option techno-economically. The model optimizes investments in renewable electricity production, e-fuel production chains, and local electricity transport infrastructures. Analyses of renewable electricity generation potentials show that the MENA region in particular has large low-cost solar power potentials. Optimization results in Enertile show for a weighted average cost of capital of 7% that substantial hydrogen production starts above 100 €/MWhH2 in 2030 and above 70 €/MWhH2 in 2050. Substantial synthetic methane production in the model results starts above 170 €/MWhCH4 in 2030 and above 120 €/MWhCH4 in 2050. The most important cost component in both fuel production routes is electricity. Taking into account transport cost surcharges, in Europe synthetic methane from MENA is available above 180 €/MWhCH4 in 2030 and above 130 €/MWhCH4 in 2050. Hydrogen exports from MENA to Europe cost above 120 €/MWhH2 in 2030 and above 90 €/MWhH2 in 2050. If exported to Europe, both e-fuels are more expensive to produce and transport in liquefied form than in gaseous form. A comparison of European hydrogen supply curves with hydrogen imports from MENA for 2050 reveals that imports can only be economically efficient if the two following conditions are met: Firstly, similar interest rates prevail in the EU and MENA; secondly, hydrogen transport costs converge at the cheap end of the range in the current literature. Apart from this, a shortage of land for renewable electricity generation in ...