This is the second in a series of papers which seek to explore the relationship between the traditional hard core of skills training prescribed by UK training bodies in the field of rehabilitation qualifications to work with blind and partially sighted people and the part this core content plays in the delivery of services on the cusp of the twenty-first century. The curriculum area of dally living skills (DLS) customarily encompassing the teaching of independent culinary, personal and home management skills to blind and partially sighted people has provoked Increasing debate in recent times on questions of content, method and relevance to contemporary professional practice. It is with these concerns in mind that the results of an ongoing research project undertaken jointly by the Universities of Birmingham and of Central England in Birmingham are presented to contribute to the development of this discussion.
An examination of the Dominican sugar industry focuses on the extent & implications of local participation in the creation of commercial land markets, 1880-1930. How different actors used & articulated property rights & notions of private property is described, showing how peasants, sugar entrepreneurs, land speculators, & government agents influenced state formation as well as the commercialization of land. The effects of this influence on both legal reform under US occupation, & long-term notions of property based on customary use rights, are discussed. The growth of commercial sugar production led to increased reliance on the "peso title" as constitutive of property rights, which decreased the regulatory power of the community that had formerly responded to the various needs of its members. Fraud became common as land took on exchange value & conflicts over definitions of possession escalated. The resulting breakdown of social control, the arrival of US Marines, the 1920 Land Registration Act, & the unprecedented state authority instituted by President Rafael Trujillo are examined. 39 References. J. Lindroth
This Paper sets out to explore the place of Braille teaching within the broad framework of direct services to blind and partially sighted adults by rehabilitation workers and specialist social workers employed in a variety of agencies throughout the United Kingdom; much debate is currently afoot with regard to attempts to define the core knowledge and skills with which these workers should be equipped by their training bodies and in the first of a series of Papers the results of a recent research project undertaken jointly by the Universities of Birmingham and of Central England in Birmingham are presented to contribute to this discussion.
Abstract This essay explores 'social banditry' as a form of political practice in relation to distinct regimes of power; regional, national, and imperialist. The eastern region of the Dominican Republic experienced a rapid rise of land values and conversion of peasant smallholdings into sugar cane lields at the start of the twentieth century. Roving bands of 'outlaws' called 'gavilleros' appeared almost immediately, and came under increasing, and different, scrutiny during the years 1916–1924, when United States Marines occupied the Republic. This essay considers the political and social dimensions of gavillero conduct as it was transformed‐and transformed itself‐during the first quarter of the twentieth century.
AbstractIntroductionBlack men who have sex with men and transgender women are at high risk for HIV infection, but are more likely to be unaware of their infection or not in care for diagnosed HIV compared to other races. Respondent driven sampling has been advanced as a method to reach stigmatized and hidden populations for HIV testing. We compared strategies to recruit black, substance‐using men who have sex with men and transgender women to identify newly diagnosed HIV infection, or those previously diagnosed but not in care.MethodsThe STAR (Seek, Test, and Retain) study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01790360) used several recruitment strategies to identify black, substance‐using men who have sex with men and transgender women with undiagnosed HIV infection or with previously diagnosed HIV infection but who were not in HIV care. Respondent‐driven sampling, community‐based recruitment and online advertising were used to recruit participants. Incentivized peer referral was integrated into all recruitment strategies. Participants completed interviewer‐administered questionnaires and HIV testing. Demographic and HIV risk‐related characteristics and recruitment strategy were summarized and stratified by HIV status. Associations were tested using Pearson's chi‐squared, Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Factors associated with HIV‐positive diagnosis at p < 0.1 were included in a multivariable logistic regression model.ResultsFrom July 2012 through October 2015, the study enrolled 1929 participants; 96.3% men who have sex with men and 3.7% transgender women. Behavioural risk factors included recent condomless anal sex (55.6%) and recent substance use during sex (73.1%). HIV prevalence was 8.7%. In multivariable analysis, significant associations with HIV infection included being transgender; non‐Hispanic black; gay/homosexual orientation; not homeless; and less likely to have insufficient income for necessities. Among recruitment strategies, respondent driven sampling was least effective in identifying HIV‐positive participants.ConclusionsIntegrating multiple recruitment strategies yielded a large sample of black men who have sex with men and transgender women at substantial risk for HIV. Respondent‐driven sampling was less effective than other strategies at identifying men who have sex with men and transgender women with HIV.
AbstractIntroductionDespite the global scale‐up of HIV testing, prevention and treatment, these services remain inaccessible to groups most vulnerable to HIV. Globally, most new HIV infections are concentrated among members of key populations (KP), including female sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender people, people who inject drugs and their sexual partners. These populations lag in access to HIV prevention and antiretroviral therapy (ART) and have less favourable HIV outcomes compared to the general population. Intersecting behavioural and structural factors contribute to these gaps in service access for at‐risk KP and those living with HIV; corresponding comprehensive approaches to improving service delivery for KP are urgently needed. Differentiated service delivery (DSD) models tailor HIV programmes to the needs and preferences of specific groups but are rarely implemented at scale for KP. We describe the FIKIA Project, which implemented innovative approaches to scaling up DSD models to reach and engage KP in Tanzania.MethodsThe FIKIA Project worked with diverse KP communities in Tanzania to tailor HIV services to their needs and to pair healthcare workers with trained peer educators and expert client counsellors to expand uptake of community‐based HIV testing and ART services. We analysed routine aggregate project data from 2016 to 2020 to describe project implementation, outcomes and best practices.Results and discussionThe FIKIA Project conducted 1,831,441 HIV tests in community settings; of the 98,349 (5.4%) individuals with new HIV diagnoses, 89,640 (91.1%) initiated ART. The project reached substantial numbers of KP: 203,233 received HIV tests, 28,830 (14.2%) received a new HIV diagnosis and 25,170 KP (87.3%) initiated ART at the point of diagnosis. Over time, HIV testing increased by 1.6 times overall (2.3 times among KP), HIV diagnoses increased by 8.7 times (10.9 times among KP) and ART initiation at the point of diagnosis increased from 80.0% to 95.9% overall (from 69.6% to 94.9% among KP).ConclusionsOver four years, the FIKIA Project scaled up HIV testing, diagnosis and treatment by using DSD principles to design services that meet the needs of KP and their communities.
