Suchergebnisse

The site of Warren Field in Scotland revealed two unusual and enigmatic features; an alignment of pits and a large, rectangular feature interpreted as a timber building. Excavations confirmed that the timber structure was an early Neolithic building and that the pits had been in use from the Mesolithic. This report details the excavations and reveals that the hall was associated with the storage and or consumption of cereals, including bread wheat, and pollen evidence suggests that the hall may have been part of a larger area of activity involving cereal cultivation and processing. The pits are fully documented and environmental evidence sheds light on the surrounding landscape.

The mass media in different countries reflects dominant concerns of contemporary societies. Ideas of `environmentalism' are often broad and imprecise, holding neither meaning nor currency. Environmentalism and Mass Media sheds new light on the diverse ideas of `environmentalism', the way environmental ideas circulate, and public reaction to environmental concerns conveyed by the media. Drawing on unique interviews with journalists, media pictures, and public opinion surveys in both UK and India, the authors outline the differing cultural, religious and political contexts against which `world v

IntroductionMonitoring risk-adjusted trends of neonatal bloodstream infection (BSI) is vital and linkage of neonatal electronic health records to national infection surveillance enables this. We demonstrate why changes in data quality and collection methods over time must be accounted for to minimise spurious findings.
Objectives and ApproachFirst, we determined the effect of a system change in 2014 (changed from only clinically relevant BSI to automated reporting of all BSI), by investigating changes in number of all BSI and BSI excluding the contaminants coagulase-negative staphylococci for infants aged <1 year reported to infection surveillance, using interrupted-time-series Poisson regression. Second, we evaluated the impact of changes in identifier completeness over time in each database, and determined variation in infection rates according to linkage method (deterministic linkage on NHS number or probabilistic linkage). Third, we will use multiple imputation when link status cannot be determined due to missing identifiers.
ResultsThe number of BSI reported to infection surveillance system following the change in data collection increased by 34% (incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.28-1.40) for all BSI compared to 19% (IRR 1.19, 1.12-1.27) excluding coagulase-negative staphylococci. Completeness of NHS number in infection surveillance increased from 69% (3,296/4,792) in 2010 to 92% (3,037/3,307) in 2017. We linked 12,003 neonatal admissions to 15,571 BSI episodes (2% of 497,936 admissions and 41% of 37,660 BSI). The proportion of links that were deterministic changed from 83% (1,089/1,307) in 2010 to 96% (968/1,008) in 2017. There were 12,094 BSI for which the link status could not be determined due to missing identifiers; multiple imputation will be used to determine if any are links.
Conclusion/ImplicationsSpurious trends in infection incidence can arise from changes in data collection and quality, impacting the quality of linkage to clinical data. Data quality and system changes must be explored in each source dataset before analysis. Probabilistic linkage and imputation of missing data minimises spurious findings due to data quality.

Monitoring risk-adjusted trends of neonatal bloodstream infection is vital and linkage of neonatal electronic health records to national infection surveillance enables this. We demonstrate why changes in data quality over time must be accounted for to minimise spurious findings.
First, we evaluated the impact of changes in identifier completeness over time in each database, and determined variation in infection rates according to linkage method (deterministic linkage on NHS number or probabilistic linkage). Second, we will use multiple imputation when link status cannot be determined due to missing identifiers.
Completeness of NHS number in infection surveillance increased from 69% (3,296/4,792) in 2010 to 92% (3,037/3,307) in 2017. We linked 12,003 neonatal admissions to 15,571 infection episodes (2% of 497,936 admissions and 41% of 37,660 infections). The proportion of links that were deterministic changed from 83% (1,089/1,307) in 2010 to 96% (968/1,008) in 2017. Link status could not be determined for 12,094 infections due to missing identifiers; multiple imputation will be used to determine if any are links.
Spurious infection incidence rates can arise from changes in data quality, impacting the quality of linkage to clinical data. Linkage and imputation of missing data minimises spurious findings due to data quality.