Tumors are composed of an evolving population of cells subjected to tissue-specific selection, which fuels tumor heterogeneity and ultimately complicates cancer driver gene identification. Here, we integrate cancer cell fraction, population recurrence, and functional impact of somatic mutations as signatures of selection into a Bayesian model for driver prediction. We demonstrate that our model, cDriver, outperforms competing methods when analyzing solid tumors, hematological malignancies, and pan-cancer datasets. Applying cDriver to exome sequencing data of 21 cancer types from 6,870 individuals revealed 98 unreported tumor type-driver gene connections. These novel connections are highly enriched for chromatin-modifying proteins, hinting at a universal role of chromatin regulation in cancer etiology. Although infrequently mutated as single genes, we show that chromatin modifiers are altered in a large fraction of cancer patients. In summary, we demonstrate that integration of evolutionary signatures is key for identifying mutational driver genes, thereby facilitating the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. ; We acknowledge support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, 'Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017'. We acknowledge the support of the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 635290. Luis Zapata has been supported by the International PhD scholarship program of La Caixa at CRG.
BACKGROUND: Terrestrial ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes erythema, oxidative stress, DNA mutations and skin cancer. Skin can adapt to these adverse effects by DNA repair, apoptosis, keratinization and tanning. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the transcriptional response to fluorescent solar-simulated radiation (FSSR) in sun-sensitive human skin in vivo. METHODS: Seven healthy male volunteers were exposed to 0, 3 and 6 standard erythemal doses (SED). Skin biopsies were taken at 6 h and 24 h after exposure. Gene and microRNA expression were quantified with next generation sequencing. A set of candidate genes was validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); and wavelength dependence was examined in other volunteers through microarrays. RESULTS: The number of differentially expressed genes increased with FSSR dose and decreased between 6 and 24 h. Six hours after 6 SED, 4071 genes were differentially expressed, but only 16 genes were affected at 24 h after 3 SED. Genes for apoptosis and keratinization were prominent at 6 h, whereas inflammation and immunoregulation genes were predominant at 24 h. Validation by qPCR confirmed the altered expression of nine genes detected under all conditions; genes related to DNA repair and apoptosis; immunity and inflammation; pigmentation; and vitamin D synthesis. In general, candidate genes also responded to UVA1 (340-400 nm) and/or UVB (300 nm), but with variations in wavelength dependence and peak expression time. Only four microRNAs were differentially expressed by FSSR. CONCLUSIONS: The UV radiation doses of this acute study are readily achieved daily during holidays in the sun, suggesting that the skin transcriptional profile of 'typical' holiday makers is markedly deregulated. What's already known about this topic? The skin's transcriptional profile underpins its adverse (i.e. inflammation) and adaptive molecular, cellular and clinical responses (i.e. tanning, hyperkeratosis) to solar ultraviolet radiation. Few studies have assessed microRNA and gene expression in vivo in humans, and there is a lack of information on dose, time and waveband effects. What does this study add? Acute doses of fluorescent solar-simulated radiation (FSSR), of similar magnitude to those received daily in holiday situations, markedly altered the skin's transcriptional profiles. The number of differentially expressed genes was FSSR-dose-dependent, reached a peak at 6 h and returned to baseline at 24 h. The initial transcriptional response involved apoptosis and keratinization, followed by inflammation and immune modulation. In these conditions, microRNA expression was less affected than gene expression. ; This study was supported by CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya and it was funded by the AGAUR with the support of Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2017 SGR 919), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI10/02235 and PI17/01225, the European Union (FEDER), "Una manera de hacer Europa"), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MTM2015‐68140‐R), the European Commission, under the Framework 7 Programme Environment Theme [Contract No. 227020: The Impact of Climate and Environmental Factors on Personal Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Human Health (ICEPURE)] and the U.K. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, U.K. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the U.K. Department of Health. W.K. and M.R.F. acknowledge funding from the Strategic Research Area programme of the Swedish Research Council through Stockholm University. La Roche‐Posay provided funding for the microarray processing that was done by Milteyni Biotec GmbH (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). AGAUR (2017 SGR 919).
In early development, the environment triggers mnemonic epigenomic programs resulting in memory and learning experiences to confer cognitive phenotypes into adulthood. To uncover how environmental stimulation impacts the epigenome and genome organization, we used the paradigm of environmental enrichment (EE) in young mice constantly receiving novel stimulation. We profiled epigenome and chromatin architecture in whole cortex and sorted neurons by deep-sequencing techniques. Specifically, we studied chromatin accessibility, gene and protein regulation, and 3D genome conformation, combined with predicted enhancer and chromatin interactions. We identified increased chromatin accessibility, transcription factor binding including CTCF-mediated insulation, differential occupancy of H3K36me3 and H3K79me2, and changes in transcriptional programs required for neuronal development. EE stimuli led to local genome re-organization by inducing increased contacts between chromosomes 7 and 17 (inter-chromosomal). Our findings support the notion that EE-induced learning and memory processes are directly associated with the epigenome and genome organization. ; We acknowledge support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2011-26216), "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2017-2021," SEV-2016-0571, the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya and Jerome Lejeune Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation Fellowship (PBLAP3_136878) and Co-funded by Marie Curie Actions to CNH. Resources for analyses conducted by SE-G were partially supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Mental Health Funds R01MH104341 and R01MH117790 and by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (NFRFE-2018-01305). We acknowledge support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the EMBL partnership, Agencia Estatal de Investigaci n (PID2019-110755RB-I00/AEI / 10.13039/501100011033), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement No 848077, Jerôme Lejeune Foundation, NIH (Grant Number: 1R01EB 028159-01), Marató TV3 (#2016/20-30). RP-R resources were supported by R01GM109215. We thank the support of the University of Tübingen for the Open Access Publication Funds contribution.
