Suchergebnisse

An investigation of environmental justice activists' claims that pollution is unevenly distributed across US communities examines three possible explanations: racial discrimination, economic stratification, & urban ecology. Pollution levels drawn from the US Environmental Protection Agency's 1990 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) are combined with county-level data from the 1990 US Census & the 1990 County Business Patterns. In support of activists' claims, regression analysis reveals a positive relationship between proportion black & toxic releases to air, which is partly explained by urbanization & industrial location. The effect of economic status is revealed to be curvilinear, with lower- & higher-income counties experiencing lower levels of toxic releases than middle-income counties. Results suggest that processes such as urbanization & industrial location, usually treated as control variables, may best be regarded as mechanisms through which disadvantaged residents & toxic pollution come together in space. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 56 References. Adapted from the source document.

This is the second of two papers in which the programmatic structure and effectiveness of state government designated enterprise zones (EZs) are analyzed. With use of data on EZs from 14 states, the relationships are examined between job and/or investment gains and variables reflecting different state policies, zone locations, and zone settings. It is argued that, if states wish to purse EZ policies, they should focus on a small number of 'retrievable' zones, adopt a broad and quality package of business incentives, use no more restrictive designation criteria than needed, explore the possibilities of more direct targeting of existing state development activities into the zones, and seek strong local participation in the promotional effort.

This is the first of two papers in which the programmatic structure and effectiveness of state government designated enterprise zones (EZs) in the United States of America are analyzed. The study is based on survey data from 17 states. Although the EZs are not the 'miracle cure' for economically distressed areas, as claimed by many proponents, notable investment and job gains have been achieved in many zones. Some traditional arguments against EZs, such as their presumed attraction of 'sweatshop' industries, the pirating of existing firms from surrounding areas, and the failure to provide jobs for zone residents are not substantiated. In the second paper, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of state EZ policies is undertaken, with a focus on differences in zone settings and program structures.

Forty‐three employment service counselors participated in a three‐week institute designed to improve their understanding of the conditions of poverty and of counseling theory and techniques. At the end of the institute, participants evaluated their experence favorably with substantial minority group criticisms, however, that (1) institute faculty were not sufficiently informed about Employment Service techniques and experiences and, that (2) not enough counseling practicum experiences were provided. Significant shifts in attitudes toward the poor were found at the end of the institute for 14 of 35 items of an attitude scale. For 6 of these 14 items, shifts in attitude were in the same direction and intensified after four and one‐half months of field experience.