Suchergebnisse

Waldsterben, globale Klimaver{nderungen, gesundheitliche Be- eintr{chtigungen, Sch{den an Bauwerken sind die drastisch- sten Auswirkungen der Luftverschmutzung. Deshalb sind poli- tische Instrumente zur Luftreinhaltung in den Mittelpunkt des |ffentlichen Interesses ger}ckt. Einerseits werden gro~e Sch{den verursacht, andererseits sind Ma~nahmen zur Schad- stoffreduzierung zumeist recht kostenaufwendig. Es handelt sich also um ein sowohl |kologisches als auch |konomisches Problem. Der Autorbehandelt und beantwortet mit wissenschaftlicher Methodik die folgenden damit zusammenh{ngenden Fragen: - Welches sind die technischen Ma~nahmen, die mit den geringsten Kosten den gr|~ten Effekt erzielen, - Mit welchen politischen Instrumenten (Auflagen,Steuern, Abgaben) lassen sich diese Ma~nahmen unter Ber}cksichti- gung marktwirtschaftlicher Mechanismen am besten durchset- zen. Die Wirksamkeit der gefundenen Strategien wirdam Beispiel Baden-W}rttemberg im einzelnen verifiziert

Der beschlossene Ausstieg aus der Kernenergie und die ehrgeizigen Klima-schutzziele erfordern einen Umbau des Stromerzeugungssystems in Deutschland. Rainer Friedrich, Universität Stuttgart, geht der Frage nach, welche Stromerzeugungstechniken in einem zukünftigen Stromerzeugungssystem eingesetzt werden sollten, wobei nicht nur die Stromerzeugungskosten, sondern auch externe Effekte mit zu berücksichtigen sind. Seiner Ansicht nach sind Laufwasser, gefolgt von Braunkohle, Wind, evtl. Wellenenergie und Steinkohle, die Optionen mit den niedrigsten sozialen Kosten. Aber da das Potenzial von Wind und Laufwasser begrenzt sei, Wind und Wellenenergie Reserve- oder Speicherkapazität benötigen und On-shore-Windkraft nicht überall akzeptiert sei, erweist sich vor allem Braunkohle als günstig.

Rainer Friedrich legt eine kohärente, historisch und systematisch angelegte, Rekonstruktion von Kants Vernunftrecht vor. Er zeigt, dass Kant den Gedanken eines allgemein-gesetzgebenden Willens im Staat auch für die Begründung individueller Eigentumsrechte fruchtbar macht und dass Kant die Notwendigkeit des Rechtszustandes nicht aus dem natürlichen Privatrecht ableitet, sondern aus dem angeborenen Menschenrecht der Freiheit

The modern work of art is characterized by its intended realization that it is not nature but rather an artifact. This is clearly expressed in the formal principle of montage, the combination of different elements whose result is more than their sum. Although the montage may be most fully realized in film, its evolution began before film became an art. The logical evolution of the montage is briefly traced. In B. Brecht's conception of theater, the principle of montage, resulting in a contrapuntal unity, can be seen everywhere, indicating the close relation of his theater to film. Brecht made epic of traditional drama by replacing organic unity with contrapuntal montage. S. M. Eisenstein conceived of montage as opposition to the traditional filmmaker's desire for a seamless unity, thus elevating it to the level of an artistic principle. Both Eisenstein & Brecht use montage to trigger a process in the viewer which leads to an intellectual experience, thus emancipating the spectator. This potential of art could only be realized by its intellectualization, a point perceived by both men, who also saw their art as a form of dialectics. M. Migalski.

Transport causes a wide range of damage to human health, ecosystems and materials. This damage should be taken into account when making decisions, i.e. it should be reflected in the prices for transport. The damagae caused by cars, planes, ships and trains should be calculated and transformed into monetary values - so called external costs. In this book we endeavour to evaluate the external costs stemming from the emissions of atmospheric pollutants caused by transport, including damage from greenhouse gases, fine particles, ozone, nitrous oxides and benzene as well as other carciogenic substances, so as to be able to calculate the external costs of a huge number of current and future modes of transport operating in different locations all over Europe. The results offer an important basis for assessing modes of transport, discussing transport taxes and charges and implementing green accounting

This book offers information and aids in decision-making for those concerned with air pollution in Europe, especially tropospheric ozone. It covers the analysis of ozone precursor emissions and the transport and chemical transformation of precursor substances in Europe and gives insight into the integrated assessment of air pollution control strategies. The analysis covers atmospheric dispersion modeling as well as cost optimization and the modeling of macroeconomic impacts of air pollution control. Thus, it addresses practioners dealing with the implementation of environmental policy and regulations as well as scientists and researchers interested in the methodology and integrated approach

Health impacts of air pollutants, especially fine particles (PM2.5) and NO2, have been documented worldwide by epidemiological studies. Most of the existing studies utilised the concentration measured at the ambient stations to represent the pollutant inhaled by individuals. However, these measurement data are in fact not able to reflect the real concentration a person is exposed to since people spend most of their time indoors and are also affected by indoor sources. The authors developed a probabilistic methodology framework to simulate the lifelong exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 simultaneously for population subgroups that are characterised by a number of indicators such as age, gender and socio-economic status. The methodology framework incorporates the methods for simulating the long-term outdoor air quality, the pollutant concentration in different micro-environments, the time-activity pattern of population subgroups and the retrospective life course trajectories. This approach was applied to the population in the EU27 countries plus Norway and Switzerland and validated with the measurement data from European multi-centre study, EXPOLIS. Results show that the annual average exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 at European level kept increasing from the 1950s to a peak between the 1980s and the 1990s and showed a decrease until 2015 due to the implementation of a series of directives. It is also revealed that the exposure to both pollutants was affected by geographical location, gender and income level. The average annual exposure over the lifetime of an 80-year-old European to PM2.5 and NO2 amounted to 23.86 (95% CI: 2.95-81.86) and 13.49 (95% CI: 1.36-43.84) µg/m3. The application of this methodology provides valuable insights and novel tools for exposure modelling and environmental studies.