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This paper deals with the implementation of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Protocols in armed forces focusing on the Austrian Armed Forces as a best-practice example thereof. It argues for: a. the importance of cultural property protection being an integral element of any military doctrine drafted by political authorities, of a special military directive for cultural property protection, and of cultural property protection being an element in all rules of engagement; b. for the concept of a Cultural Property Protection Officer or Liaison Officer: Military Cultural Property Protection as the professional military staff member responsible for ensuring cultural property protection is considered by their commanders in any situation in times of peace as well as during the conduct of missions; c. for also taking cultural property protection into account for multinational missions such as peace support operations, as well as for military disaster relief missions; d. for the cooperation of the military with non-governmental organizations for developing, implementing, and improving principles of military cultural property protection. تتناول هذه المقالة تنفيذ الاتفاقية المتعلقة بحماية الممتلكات الثقافية في حالة نشوب نزاع مسلح وبروتوكولاتها في القوات المسلحة مع التركيز على القوات المسلحة النمساوية مثالا لأفضل الممارسات منه. وتناقش: (أ) أهمية حماية الملكية الثقافية كجزء لا يتجزأ من أي عقيدة عسكرية وضعتها السلطات السياسية كتوجه عسكري خاص لحماية الممتلكات الثقافية ، وان حماية الممتلكات الثقافية هي عنصر في كل قواعد الاشتباك. (ب) لمفهوم موظف حماية الملكية الثقافية أو ضابط الاتصال : حماية الملكية الثقافية عسكريا كمجموعة عسكرية متخصصة و مسؤولة عن ضمان حماية الملكية الثقافية, يعينون من قبل قادتهم في أي حالة في أوقات السلم وكذلك أثناء سير البعثات. (ج). أخذ حماية الملكية الثقافية في الاعتبار للبعثات متعددة الجنسيات مثل عمليات دعم السلام ، و البعثات العسكرية الاغاثية في حالات الكوارث ؛( د). التعاون العسكري مع المنظمات غير الحكومية لتطوير وتنفيذ وتحسين المبادئ العسكرية لحماية الملكية الثقافية.

It has been proposed that the rapid rise of atmospheric CO2across the last deglaciation was driven by the release of carbon from an extremely radiocarbon-depleted abyssal ocean reservoir that was 'vented' to the atmosphere primarily via the deep-and intermediate overturning loops in the Southern Ocean. While some radiocarbon observations from the intermediate ocean appear to confirm this hypothesis, others appear to refute it. Here we use radiocarbon measurements in paired benthic-and planktonic foraminifera to reconstruct the benthic–planktonic14C age offset (i.e. 'ventilation age') of intermediate waters in the western equatorial Atlantic. Our results show clear increases in local radiocarbon-based ventilation ages during Heinrich-Stadial 1 (HS1) and the Younger Dryas (YD). These are found to coincide with opposite changes of similar magnitude observed in the Pacific, demonstrating a 'seesaw' in the ventilation of the intermediate Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that numerical model simulations of North Atlantic overturning collapse indicate was primarily driven by North Pacific overturning. We propose that this Atlantic–Pacific ventilation seesaw would have combined with a previously identified North Atlantic–Southern Ocean ventilation seesaw to enhance ocean–atmosphere CO2exchange during a 'collapse' of the North Atlantic deep overturning limb. Whereas previous work has emphasized a more passive role for intermediate waters in deglacial climate change (merely conveying changes originating in the Southern Ocean) we suggest instead that the intermediate water seesaw played a more active role via relatively subtle but globally coordinated changes in ocean dynamics that may have further influenced ocean–atmosphere carbon exchange. ; We are grateful to Adam Scrivner for technical assistance in the laboratory, as well as the Royal Society and NERC grant NE/L006421/1 for research support. The UVic ESCM numerical ex-periments were performed on a computational cluster from the NCI National Facility systems at the Australian National University through the National Computational Merit Allocation Scheme sup-ported by the Australian Government. A.T. and T.F. acknowledge support from the US NSF grants 1341311, 1400914. L.M. is sup-ported by the Australian Research Council grant DE150100107. ; This is the final version. It was first published by Elsevier at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15003301.