Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Authors -- Chapter 1 Atmosphere -- 1.1 Chemical Composition -- 1.1.1 General Composition -- 1.1.2 Water -- 1.2 Physical Phenomena -- 1.2.1 Solar Radiation -- 1.2.2 Terrestrial Thermal Radiation -- 1.2.3 Energy Balance -- 1.2.4 Surface Temperatures -- 1.2.5 Vertical Temperature Gradients -- 1.2.6 Gravity -- 1.2.7 Atmospheric Density -- 1.2.8 Atmospheric Pressure -- 1.3 Atmospheric Motion -- 1.3.1 Winds -- 1.3.2 Pressure Gradient Force -- 1.3.3 Coriolis Effect -- 1.3.4 Friction -- 1.3.5 Cyclones and Anticyclones -- 1.3.6 General Circulation of the Atmosphere -- 1.4 Evolution of the Atmosphere -- Readings -- Questions -- Chapter 2 Atmospheric Pollution and Pollutants -- 2.1 Natural Air Pollution -- 2.2 Anthropogenic Air Pollution -- 2.2.1 Smog -- 2.2.2 Haze -- 2.2.3 Nontraditional Air Pollutants -- 2.2.4 Gases and Particles -- 2.2.4.1 Sources -- 2.2.4.2 National Emission Estimates -- 2.2.4.3 National Emissions Picture -- 2.3 Gas-Phase Pollutants -- 2.3.1 Carbon Oxides -- 2.3.1.1 Carbon Dioxide -- 2.3.1.2 Carbon Monoxide -- 2.3.2 Sulfur Compounds -- 2.3.2.1 Sulfur Oxides -- 2.3.2.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds -- 2.3.3 Nitrogen Compounds -- 2.3.3.1 Nitrous Oxide -- 2.3.3.2 Nitric Oxide -- 2.3.3.3 Nitrogen Dioxide -- 2.3.3.4 Nitrogen Oxides -- 2.3.3.5 Ammonia -- 2.3.3.6 Hydrogen Cyanide -- 2.3.3.7 Organic Nitrate Compounds -- 2.3.4 Hydrocarbon Compounds -- 2.3.4.1 Hydrocarbon Chemistry -- 2.3.4.2 Oxyhydrocarbons -- 2.3.4.3 Nonmethane Hydrocarbons -- 2.3.4.4 Methane -- 2.3.4.5 Halogenated Hydrocarbons -- 2.3.5 Photochemical Oxidants -- 2.3.5.1 Tropospheric Ozone Concentrations -- 2.3.5.2 Ozone Sinks -- 2.4 Atmospheric Particles -- 2.4.1 Classes and Sources -- 2.4.2 Size -- 2.4.3 Particle Shape -- 2.4.4 Chemical Composition.

AtmosphereChemical CompositionGeneral CompositionWaterPhysical PhenomenaSolar RadiationTerrestrial Thermal RadiationEnergy BalanceSurface TemperaturesVertical Temperature Gradients GravityAtmospheric DensityAtmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Motion Winds Pressure Gradient Force Coriolis Effect Friction Cyclones and Anticyclones General Circulation of the Atmosphere Evolution of the Atmosphere ReadingsQuestionsAtmospheric Pollution and PollutantsNatural Air PollutionAnthropogenic Air PollutionSmogHazeNontraditional Air PollutantsGases and ParticlesGas-Phase PollutantsCarbon OxidesSulfur Compounds

Predicting the human‐health effects of reducing atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from power plants, motor vehicles, and other sources is complex because of nonlinearity in the relevant atmospheric processes. We estimate the health impacts of changes in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations that result from control of NOx emissions alone and in conjunction with other pollutants in and outside the mega‐city of Shanghai, China. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System is applied to model the effects on atmospheric concentrations of emissions from different economic sectors and geographic locations. Health impacts are quantified by combining concentration‐response functions from the epidemiological literature with pollutant concentration and population distributions. We find that the health benefits per ton of emission reduction are more sensitive to the location (i.e., inside vs. outside of Shanghai) than to the sectors that are controlled. For eastern China, we predict between 1 and 20 fewer premature deaths per year per 1,000 tons of NOx emission reductions, valued at $300–$6,000 per ton. Health benefits are sensitive to seasonal variation in emission controls. Policies to control NOx emissions need to consider emission location, season, and simultaneous control of other pollutants to avoid unintended consequences.