The support of shared awareness among users of CSCW-systems has gained considerable attention in recent years. In fact, many studies have shown that information about the activities of other users is a prerequisite for the success of computer mediated cooperative work. However the implementation of mechanisms to support shared awareness still remains a complex task for designers of distributed multi-user systems. In this book I will present AREA, a service for the provision of awareness information in multi-user environments. A primary goal of AREA is to enable multiple cooperative applications to share and exchange awareness information. This is achieved by offering applications an interface to model a `minimal semantics' of the application domain. Awareness information is modelled by discrete events which are distributed in the electronic workspace. The system notifies users about activities in the shared information space based on interest descriptions that use the metaphor of a situation. Situations are descriptions of work relations in the language of the application domain. They allow users to individually tailor their awareness preferences to their individual work practice and to avoid information overload. Additionally AREA incorporates global and individual configuration facilities for privacy protection and to ensure compliance with legal and organizational regulations. The book presents POLIAwaC, a groupware prototype which uses the AREA notification service to support awareness among its users. The design of the system was performed in the framework of the POLITeam project, a joint interdisciplinary research activity involving the German National Research Centre for Information Technology (GMD), the University of Bonn and the Volkswagen-Gedas software company. The aim of POLITeam is the development and introduction of innovative CSCW-technology to support the cooperation of government sites distributed between Bonn and Berlin. The book discusses in detail how the semantic model of a ministerial application domain is specified in the AREA-system and describes the mechanisms at the user interface intended to achieve shared awareness of the users. Finally the result of an evaluation of the POLIAwaC system is presented, which has been performed based on a test installation of the system in a German ministry.
The empirical & normative aspects of the long-range conse quences to US foreign policy of minority group pressures, & the effect which such influences have had on the US pol'al & soc systems, are explored & hypo's & arguments advanced for further investigation. The major over-all result of the mutual impact of foreign policy & minority group claims has been to thwart Anglo-US friendship, & other consequences have been the mitigation of econ class conflict, the elevation of congressional participation in foreign affairs & the loosening of party discipline. Judgment on the process depends to some extent on judgment of its consequences, & the results may be evaluated in terms of one's view of the Anglo-US alliance, of class conflict in the US, & of party responsibility & congressional participation in foreign affairs. The problem of justifying minority claims on behalf of other nations is the most crucial normative question at the core of any controversy over the interaction of foreign policy & minority group pressures, & the principal arguments on each side of the issue are set forth. IPSA.
In the mid-1920's Jewish major party loyalties switched from the Republican Party to the Democrats. Since the election of 1932 no Republican Presidential candidate has received a plurality of votes in any large American Jewish Community. The high point of Democratic strength came in 1944; over 92% of America's Jews voted for Roosevelt. The Jews developed their attachment to the Democrats at the time they were advancing up the econ class ladder, thus thwarting general class tendencies in American politics. Moreover, diff's in Republican-Democratic strength within the Jewish group cannot be generally traced to diff's in SES. Their attraction to Democrats in recent Presidential elections results primarily from the feeling most Jews share that Democratic candidates have been more liberal & internationalist than their Republican adversaries. The Jews have been strong liberals & internationalists because of their peculiar minority position & Jewish cultural values. (AA - IPSA).
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Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium) ; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary) ; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary) ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union, Regional Development Fund ; Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu ; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias ; EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.) ; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland ; Herakleitos programme ; Thales programme ; Aristeia programme ; European Research Council (European Union) ; Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union): 675440 ; FWO (Belgium): 30820817 ; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission: Z181100004218003 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 123842 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 123959 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 124845 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 124850 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 125105 ; National Science Center (Poland): Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 ; National Science Center (Poland): Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu: MDM-2015-0509 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; This paper presents the combinations of single-top-quark production cross-section measurements by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations, using data from LHC proton-proton collisions at = 7 and 8 TeV corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1.17 to 5.1 fb(-1) at = 7 TeV and 12.2 to 20.3 fb(-1) at = 8 TeV. These combinations are performed per centre-of-mass energy and for each production mode: t-channel, tW, and s-channel. The combined t-channel cross-sections are 67.5 +/- 5.7 pb and 87.7 +/- 5.8 pb at = 7 and 8 TeV respectively. The combined tW cross-sections are 16.3 +/- 4.1 pb and 23.1 +/- 3.6 pb at = 7 and 8 TeV respectively. For the s-channel cross-section, the combination yields 4.9 +/- 1.4 pb at = 8 TeV. The square of the magnitude of the CKM matrix element V-tb multiplied by a form factor f(LV) is determined for each production mode and centre-of-mass energy, using the ratio of the measured cross-section to its theoretical prediction. It is assumed that the top-quark-related CKM matrix elements obey the relation |V-td|, |V-ts| « |V-tb|. All the |f(LV)V(tb)|(2) determinations, extracted from individual ratios at = 7 and 8 TeV, are combined, resulting in |f(LV)V(tb)| = 1.02 +/- 0.04 (meas.) +/- 0.02 (theo.). All combined measurements are consistent with their corresponding Standard Model predictions.