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SUMMARYThis paper explores the relationship between population movements and integrated rural development. After brief consideration of types of population movements and the methodology of migration studies, particular attention is given to the research conclusions and implications of migration between rural and urban areas. The' argument is made that integrated rural development is most unlikely to serve as a significant means of slowing city growth. Understanding the process of rural‐urban migration at the local and national level is essential for rural development planning and implementation. This requires going beyond simple perspectives of migration as a response to "pressure" of resources and population in an area, to an appreciation of how population movements relate to the culture, systems of stratification, work relationships, family and other organizational ties within the rural community, along with intercommunity ties with other rural and urban areas.ResumeCet article explore le rapport entre mouvements de population et développement rural intégral. Après un bref aperçu des différents types de mouvements de population et de la méthodologie d'études des migrations de peuples, l'article en vient surtout à la fluctuation entre des régions rurales et urbaines et aux conséquences qui s'ensuivent. II est dit, qu'un développement rural intégral semble être le moins adapté pour ralentir la croissance des villes. La compréhension du processus du mouvement campagne‐ville sur un échelon local et national est indispensable pour la planification et la réalisation d'un développement rural. Cela exige qu'il faille aller au‐delà des simples perspectives de mouvements de population comme réponse à la «pression» des moyens existants et de la population d'une région pour arriver à voir la relation entre migrations de peuples et culture, systémes de stratification, rapports de travail, famille et autres liens organisés à l'intérieur d'une commune rurale, et aussi les liens avec d'autres communes dans des regions rurales et urbaines.ZusammenfassungDieser Artikel analysiert den Zusammenhang zwischen Bevölkerungs‐bewegungen und integrierter ländlicher Entwicklung. Nach kurzem Eingehen auf Arten der Bevölkerungsbewegungen und der Methodologie der Studien über Völkerwanderungen, wird der Fluktuation zwischen ländlichen und städtischen Gebieten und den hieraus resultie‐renden Schlußfolgerungen besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Es wird argumentiert, daß integrierte ländliche Entwicklung am wenigsten dazu geeignet erscheint, das Wachstum der Städte zu verlangsamen. Das Verstehen des Prozesses der Land‐Stadt Wanderung auf lokaler und nationaler Ebene ist unabdingbar für die Planung und Durchführung ländlicher Entwicklung. Dies erfordert, daß man über einfache Darstellungen der Bevölkerungsbewegungen als Antwort auf "Druck" scitens der vorhandenen Ressourcen und der Bevölkerung einer Region hinausgeht, hin zu einer Anerkennung der Beziehung zwischen Wanderungen und Kultur, Stratifikationssystemen, Arbeits‐beziehungen, Familie und anderen organisierten Bindungen innerhalb einer ländlichen Gemeinde, und auch Bindungen zu anderen Ge‐meinden in landlichen und städrischen Gegenden.

SummarySOME DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF THE SMALL TOWN IN THE UNITED STATESThis paper is a review of research on small town population characteristics and change in the United States. The decline in number and proportion of small towns sometimes observed in census analyses is in large part due to the growth of places out of the small population size class. Many individual places are declining, however, especially those of small size outside the commuting range of metropolitan centers, and those located in regions generally characterized by slow growth or population loss. The centralization process in rural areas, whereby people have over time turned to varied and larger centers for trade and services is reflected in small town population growth patterns.The outstanding population characteristic of most small towns is the high proportion of older people. The extent to which this is due either to immigration of retired persons or to the out‐migration of younger people deserves further attention.Population research shows the small town problem to be exaggerated. Many small places are growing, and at a rate comparable to other population segments. Small centers located in areas not conducive to growth, however, cannot all look to an optimistic future. But it is important to recognize that population growth is not necessarily a desirable goal; of greater importance is improving the quality of life available to community residents.RésuméQUELQUES ASPECTS DÉMOGRAPHIQUES DE LA PETITE VILLE EN U.S.A.l'analyse des recherches concernant les caractéristiques et les transformations de la population des petites villes aux U.S.A., constitue l'essentiel de cet article. La diminution, en chiffres absolus et en pourcentage, du nombre des petites villes observé parfois à travers des recensements est dû, dans une large mesure, á la croissance de certaines de ces petites villes et a leur passage dans des classes de dimensions supérieures. De nombreuses villes déclinent cependant et plus particulièrement celles de petites dimensions, éloignées des moyens de transport des centres urbains, et celles qui sont situées dans des régions généralement caractérisées par un taux de croissance démographique faible ou par l'exode. Le processus de concentration dans les zones rurales, par lequel les populations se sont déplacées vers des centres plus importants et plus diversifyés quant aux commerces et aux services se reflète dans les modèles de croissance des petites villes.La caractéristique démographique la plus marquée dans les petites villes est la proportion élevée de personnes âgées. Savoir si ce vieillis‐sement est dûà l'installation de personnes âgées ou au départ des jeunes nécessiterait des études supplémentaires.Les recherches démographiques montrent la surestimation dont le problème des petites villes est l'objet. De nombreuses petites villes croissent à un taux comparable aux autres centres de population; de petits centres situés dans des zones peu favorables à la croissance ne peuvent cependant toutes envisager l' avenir avec optimisme. Mais il est important de reconnaître que la croissance démographique n'est pas nécessairement un but souhaitable, et que l'amélioration des conditions de vie lui est preéférable comme objectif.ZusammenfassungEINIGE DEMOGRAPHISCHE ASPEKTE DER KLEINSTADT IN DEN VEREINIGTEN STAATENDer Artikel fasst die Forschung zusammen, die sich mit den Bevölkerungsmerkmalen der Kleinstadt in den USA befaßt. Die Abnahme von Zahl und Anteil der Kleinstädte, der manchmal in Analysen der Volkszählungen festgestellt wird, ist großenteils dem Wachstum von Orten aus der kleinen Größenklasse geschuldet. Zahlreiche Orte verlieren jedoch Einwohner, besonders kleine Orte außerhalb der Pendelentfernung von großstädtischen Zentren und Orte in Regionen langsamen Wachstums oder der Verminderung der Bevölkerung. Der BallungsprozeBß in ländlichen Gebieten, in dem sich die Menschen allmälich vielseitigen, grösseren Gewerbe‐ und Diensdeistungszentren zugewandt haben, spiegelt sich in den Formen wieder, in denen die Bevölkerung kleiner Städte wächst.Das hervorragende Bevölkerungsmerkmal der meisten Kleinstädte ist der hohe Anteil älterer Menschen. Es wäre noch genauer zu untersuchen, inwieweit das der Zuwanderung von Rentnern oder der Abwanderung junger Menschen zuzuschreiben ist.Die Bevölkerungsforschung zeigt, daß das Kleinstadtproblem übertrieben wurde. Viele kleine Orte wachsen in einer Weise, die der anderer Bevölkerungssegmente vergleichbar ist. Nicht alle kleinen Zentren in nicht wachstumsgeeigneten Gebieten können jedoch optimistisch in die Zukunft blicken. Es ist wichtig zu erkennen, daß Bevölkerungswachstum nicht unbedingt ein erwünschtes Ziel ist. Wichtiger ist es, die Qualität der Lebensbedingungen zu verbessern, die den Einwohnern einer Gemeinde geboten werden.

AbstractOlder blacks migrated to nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) communities in the 1990s to a degree not true of the past. Some of the nonmetro counties that attracted them are well‐known retirement areas also favored by other retirees, mostly whites. Two‐thirds of black retirement counties, however, are areas in the Old South that are not attracting other retirees at a substantial rate, if at all. Although the data indicate significant rates of retirement‐age blacks migrating to 85 nonmetro counties, most migration by older blacks is to metro destinations.

Abstract During the past several decades, rural America has experienced turbulent demographic change. We examine rural age‐specific migration data for 1950 to 1995 to ascertain whether the numerous economic, social, and technological factors buffeting nonmetropolitan America have altered migration patterns across age groups and types of counties. Both continuity and change are evident in the analysis. We find differentiation in the migration profiles of certain specialized types of rural counties, as well as temporal variability from decade to decade. No clear longitudinal trend in migration patterns is present, however. In fact, an underlying continuity in age‐specific trends has endured through good times and bad.

ABSTRACTOver the past 30 years there have been three unanticipated shifts in metropolitan‐nonmetropolitan population change and migration: the nonmetropolitan turnaround of the 1970s, with a migration balance favoring nonmetropolitan areas: the downturn of the early 1980s when nonmetropolitan areas lost net migrants as they did in the 1960s, and a more recent post‐1990 recovery, with nonmetropolitan net migration rates once again above those of metropolitan areas. Partial explanations have been developed from the deconcentration and regional restructuring theoretical perspectives, but there is not yet consensus on how to explain this sequence of three migration changes since 1970. There is a need for a general review of these trends, particularly given the recency of the latest change. Such a review is attempted here. Annual net migration estimates are examined, considering the changing metropolitan‐nonmetropolitan differential, and differences across geographic and functional county types in nonmetropolitan areas. Some differences stand out across the 24‐year period, but the most notable finding is the widespread nature of the turnaround, the reversal, and the current recovery. There are differences between the present and the 1970s, but a trend toward greater retention and or acquisition of people in rural and small town areas is clear.

Abstract By examining the 1979 income status of 1975–1980 inmigrants, outmigrants, and nonmigrants, we gauged the income effects of migration for a group of chronic low‐income counties in the nonmetropolitan South. The effects are demonstrated to be positive for the migrants themselves and negative for the low‐income counties. In both instances, however, the effects are unexpectedly small. By considering both in‐ and outmigrants, we show that these counties experienced a remarkable degree of income replacement and also present evidence that the results are not primarily due to the particular migration period under study. The findings give additional evidence of the substantial inefficiency at work in American migration patterns.

Temporal shifts in growth rates in the US are analyzed at three levels, using census data for 1950, 1960, & 1970, & 1975 Census Bureau estimates: regional, metropolitan status, & size of place. Deconcentration has occurred at each level of aggregation in recent periods. Shifts in the rates of growth of metropolitan & nonmetropolitan areas are most dramatic, followed by shifts of size of place, with regional shifts being quite modest. 4 Tables, 1 Figure. Modified HA.

The relationship between % nonwhite & measures of racial disparity for the cities & towns in the nonmetropolitan sector of the US census South is examined to extend studies by R. Turner, "The Relative Position of Negro Males in the Labor Force of Large American Cities", American Sociological Review, 1951, 16, Aug, 527, H. M. Blalock & others. Indicators of SE inequality based on occup & fam income were used as dependent variables. 1960 Census data were subjected to path analysis. It is found that the structure of the association between % nonwhite & the diff scores is diff for occup & income. The association is positive, as expected, & the direction remains the same within both the occup & income distribution. For income the indirect effects through both the white & the nonwhite component tend to increase the r between % nonwhite & the diff scores, whereas for occup the black compound path tends to diminish it. The implications of this are explored. Caution is advised in inferring that the overflow hyp of Seymour Spilerman explains these findings. Further res should use more recent data & include a comparative test of the "overflow" & the "separate economy" arguments. More detailed occup'al & income distributions should be used. 2 Tables, 1 Figure. M. Maxfield.