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This article aims to explain why Japan has been at the periphery of the international humanitarian system, at least for the past two decades. Based on a review of the main features of the country's historical involvement in humanitarian crisis response, I suggest two main reasons: 1) the difficulty for Japan to adapt to the kind of institutions created after the end of the Cold War, mainly by Western actors, and 2) Japan's preference for an integral approach to crisis management, using multiple international cooperation means, which falls outside of the present humanitarian diplomacy paradigm. As this paradigm comes into question, Japan can influence the emerging humanitarian system, particularly through the promotion of crisis management ownership and long-term commitment backed by multiple financial means.

This article aims to explain why Japan has been at the periphery of the international humanitarian system, at least for the past two decades. Based on a review of the main features of the country's historical involvement in humanitarian crisis response, I suggest two main reasons: 1) the difficulty for Japan to adapt to the kind of institutions created after the end of the Cold War, mainly by Western actors, and 2) Japan's preference for an integral approach to crisis management, using multiple international cooperation means, which falls outside of the present humanitarian diplomacy paradigm. As this paradigm comes into question, Japan can influence the emerging humanitarian system, particularly through the promotion of crisis management ownership and long-term commitment backed by multiple financial means.

This article analyzes the peripheral role of Latin America in global discussions about human security. The main hypothesis is that proposals for opening security theories and practices to a "human vision" failed to merge with the evolution of security concepts and institutions in the region over the last twenty years. Hence, there is no constructive communication interface between citizen and human security activities that inform security practices in the medium and long term. This article describes two approaches: (a) the slow development of human security concepts that may be somehow useful to the region due to (b) the positioning of citizen security as an alternative security paradigm in Latin America. Following a conceptual and institutional review of these approaches, the article concludes with some proposals to establish a dynamic and effective bridge between these two visions. Spanish
El presente artículo analiza el papel periférico de Latinoamérica en las discusiones mundiales sobre el concepto/enfoque de seguridad humana. La hipótesis de trabajo es que las propuestas para abrir la teoría y práctica de seguridad en la región a la visión humana no han logrado acoplarse a la evolución en las concepciones e instituciones de seguridad durante los últimos veinte años; por tanto, no existe una interface constructiva de comunicación entre lo ciudadano y lo humano que informe el quehacer en seguridad en el mediano y largo plazo. El estudio describe dos hilos conductores: (a) el lento desarrollo de versiones elaboradas del concepto de seguridad humana que resulten útiles a las sociedades de la región, en parte producto de (b) el posicionamiento de la seguridad ciudadana como el paradigma alternativo de seguridad en América Latina. Después de hacer una revisión de estos hilos en lo conceptual e institucional, el artículo cierra con algunas propuestas para establecer un puente más dinámico y efectivo entre las dos visiones. French
Cet article analyse le rôle périphérique de l'Amérique latine dans le débat mondial sur le concept / approche de la sécurité humaine. L'hypothèse de travail est que les propositions visant à ouvrir la théorie et la pratique de la sécurité dans la région à la vision humaine ont échoué à engager l'évolution des concepts et des institutions de sécurité au cours des ces vingt dernières années; par conséquent, il n'existe pas d'interface de communication constructive entre le citoyen et l'activité humaine à informer sur les initiatives de sécurité dans le moyen et long terme. L'étude décrit deux fils conducteurs: (1) la lenteur du développement des versions du concept de sécurité humaine élaborées qui sont utiles aux entreprises dans la région, en partie le produit de (2) la conception de la sécurité « citoyenne » comme un paradigme alternatif de la sécurité en Amérique latine. Après un examen de ces discussions sur le conceptuel et l'institutionnel, l'article se termine par quelques propositions destinées à établir un pont plus dynamique et efficient entre les deux points de vue.

This editorial, in addition to presenting the articles in this issue, introduces some changes and presents some achievements we were able to earn in the April-September semester. Among the changes, we have added EPUB accessibility, we decided to switch to a continuous publication model –from now on the articles are received, evaluated, and published immediately, if accepted–, and we have also added financial compensation to academic credit for our external reviewers. We have also made a last strategic alliance with the international publishing platform for science, technology, medicine, education, and literature of the Russian Federation. This allows our journal, and our authors, to have all we have published so far posted on such platform. Thus, this alliance takes our role of effectively promoting scientific publications to a large audience to its best, securing a high degree of visibility of local articles in the international arena. ; En este editorial, además de los artículos de este número, presentamos algunos cambios y logros obtenidos en el semestre abril-septiembre como producto de nuestra gestión. Entre los cambios agregamos el formato EPUB a nuestros artículos, resolvimos cambiar a la modalidad de publicación continua –desde ahora los artículos se reciben, se evalúan y se publican de inmediato, en caso de ser aceptados– y sumamos, además, compensación económica al crédito académico para nuestros revisores externos. Logramos también una última alianza estratégica con la plataforma de publicación internacional para ciencia, tecnología, medicina, educación y literatura de la Federación Rusa. Esto permite a nuestra revista, y a nuestros autores, estar en dicha plataforma con la totalidad del material publicado llevando, con esta nueva alianza, al mayor límite posible nuestra función de promover efectivamente las publicaciones científicas a una gran audiencia garantizando un alto grado de visibilidad de los artículos nacionales a nivel internacional.

This article was written to encourage academic research of the Kularnava Tantra without the bias included in the "forewords" and introductions of the English and Spanish versions, which led to a confusion of the object of study called Tantrism.This article aims at establishing Tantrism as a philosophy/epistemology within formal education and introducing the techniques derived from this worldview to researchers.By recourse to the experience gained by the House of Tantra founded in 1992 in Berazategui, province of Buenos Aires, the change in the nature of inquiries by people from Spanish-speaking countries was analyzed in order to determine their perception of the Tibetan and Hindu tantric cult.Out of such analysis, it was found that this philosophy as a worldview practiced as an official cult in Tibet until 1959, and in India, in absolute secrecy for political persecution reasons and which entered the West as the word tantra has been mutating in the social imagery until becoming a synonym of slow sex with no ejaculation. This change in the perception of the Spanish-speaking population comes from the foreword written by Ramiro Calle for the Spanish language edition of the Kularnava Tantra. This article proposes to read the text under a different light to foster a less biased understanding. ; Este artículo se realizó para promover una investigación académica del Kularnava Tantra sin el sesgo de los «prólogos» e introducciones de las versiones en inglés y español, que llevaron a la confusión del objeto de estudio denominado tantrismo.Es intención del presente artículo instalar formalmente al tantrismo como filosofía/epistemología y presentar a los investigadores esta visión del hombre y la sociedad. Recogiendo la experiencia de la Casa de Tantra fundada en 1992 en Berazategui, provincia de Buenos Aires, se analizó la variación de las consultas recibidas de interesados de países de habla hispana para determinar la percepción que tenían del culto tántrico tibetano e hindú. De ese análisis surge que esta filosofía en tanto visión del mundo que era practicada como culto oficial en el Tíbet hasta el año 1959 y en la India, en secreto absoluto por cuestiones de persecución política y que ingresa a Occidente como palabra tantra fue mutando en el imaginario popular hasta convertirse en sinónimo de sexo lento y sin eyaculación. Esta mutación en la percepción de la población hispanoparlante proviene del prólogo escrito por Ramiro Calle para la edición en español del Kularnava Tantra. Es intención de este artículo proponer otra mirada sobre el texto para estimular su lectura con menor carga subjetiva.

Welcome to our second issue, which is an excellent balance between physiology, politics, and religion. All its articles are driven by, or question, the tantric viewpoint of the human subject. The four selected works synthesize the spirit presented in the first issue: a multidisciplinary approach on a single object of study —man and his relationship with the universe where he realizes. ; Les doy la bienvenida a este segundo número. Un excelente equilibrio entre fisiología, política y religión; con artículos atravesados por, o que cuestionan, la visión tántrica de sujeto. Los cuatro trabajos seleccionados sintetizan el espíritu presentado en el primer número: un enfoque multidisciplinario sobre un único objeto de estudio —el Hombre y su relación con el universo en el que se desarrolla—.

Acciones de los Reyes Católicos tendentes a erradicar las luchas de bandos y revueltas urbanas de la vida política toledana en el primer decenio de su reinado: estancias regias, papel del asistente real Gómez Manrique; su relación con jurados y regidores en el marco de un gobierno oligárquico; proscripción de la violencia como medio de acción política; utilización de las movilizaciones para la guerra durante la crisis sucesoria y las campañas contra Granada y, en fin, establecimiento de la Inquisición. ; Actions of the Catholic Monarchs tending to eradicate factional fighting and urban uprisings from Toledan political life during the first decade of their rule: periods of royal residence, the role of royal asistente (chief magistrate) Gómez Manrique, his relationship to parish councilors and town councilors within an oligarchic government; the proscription of violence as a form of political action, use of mobilizations for war during the succession crisis and the campaigns against Granada and, finally, establishment of the Inquisition.

AbstractThis paper questions the pertinence of the humanitarian aid localization agenda in Latin America, at least in the narrow sense embraced by the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit. Localized support has been the standard practice in the region for decades, thanks to at least two correlated factors: the Monroe Doctrine limiting intervention to the USA and regional efforts to resist such intervention. Instead, humanitarian action in the region is an example of a particular way of understating localization, mainly specialized support to specific issues, no distinction between humanitarian or development divisions, and coexistence of different response approaches, synthesizing international and local experiences that intermingle with community practices and traditions, under national government leadership. Governments, together with NGOs, civil protection, and other relevant actors from international cooperation and development, engage in crises based on a long-standing tradition of risk management at national and regional levels. Fears of abuses hidden behind the non-interference principle, human rights activism, and disaster risk management approaches to emergencies created a complex ecosystem for humanitarian localization.

This paper questions the pertinence of the humanitarian aid localization agenda in Latin America, at least in the narrow sense embraced by the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit. Localized support has been the standard practice in the region for decades, thanks to at least two correlated factors: the Monroe Doctrine limiting intervention to the USA and regional efforts to resist such intervention. Instead, humanitarian action in the region is an example of a particular way of understating localization, mainly specialized support to specific issues, no distinction between humanitarian or development divisions, and coexistence of different response approaches, synthesizing international and local experiences that intermingle with community practices and traditions, under national government leadership. Governments, together with NGOs, civil protection, and other relevant actors from international cooperation and development, engage in crises based on a long-standing tradition of risk management at national and regional levels. Fears of abuses hidden behind the non-interference principle, human rights activism, and disaster risk management approaches to emergencies created a complex ecosystem for humanitarian localization.