Suchergebnisse

[ES]Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación ofrecen amplias posibilidades a la Unión Europea para mejorar y simplificar su propia administración interna en aras de una mayor transparencia y acceso a su información. Al tiempo, permiten una mayor eficacia en el servicio a los ciudadanos y a las empresas al propiciar una interacción más explícita entre las instituciones y los organismos públicos. Como primer paso hacia la gestión electrónica de la Administración eurocomunitaria, la Unión Europea adoptó en 2002, dentro del plan de acción eEurope 2005: una sociedad de la información para todos, la iniciativa eGovernment. Elobjetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer el plan estratégico diseñado por la Comisión para este primer quinquenio. Para ello, se analiza cómo se está llevando a cabo el proceso de transformación de una Administración presencial a una virtual y cómo el acceso electrónico a los servicios administrativos de la Unión Europea contribuye a una mayor democracia y transparencia en la Administración eurocomunitaria. ; [EN]The new technologies of the information and the communication offer to the European Union wide possibilities to improve and simplify their own internal administration in order to provide an increased transparency and a better access to its information. At the same time, they allow an improved effectiveness in their service to the European citizens and companies, and also enable a better interaction between the EU institutions and the public organisms of the Member States. As a first step towards the electronic administration in Europe, the European Union adopted in 2002 the initiative eGovernment, framed into the plan of action eEurope 2005: a society of the information for all. The goal of this paper is to analyze the strategic plan designed by the European Commission for this first five-year period. It will be analyzed how the Comission is carrying out a transformation process into a virtual administration, and how electronic access to the government services in the Union contributes to strengthen democracy and transparency in the government of the European Union.

The new technologies of the information and the communication offer to the European Union wide possibilities to improve and simplify their own internal administration in order to provide an increased transparency and a better access to its information. At the same time, they allow an improved effectiveness in their service to the European citizens and companies, and also enable a better interaction between the EU institutions and the public organisms of the Member States. As a first step towards the electronic administration in Europe, the European Union adopted in 2002 the initiative eGovernment, framed into the plan of action eEurope 2005: a society of the information for all. The goal of this paper is to analyze the strategic plan designed by the European Commission for this first five-year period. It will be analyzed how the Comission is carrying out a transformation process into a virtual administration, and how electronic access to the government services in the Union contributes to strengthen democracy and transparency in the government of the European Union. ; Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación ofrecen amplias posibilidades a la Unión Europea para mejorar y simplificar su propia administración interna en aras de una mayor transparencia y acceso a su información. Al tiempo, permiten una mayor eficacia en el servicio a los ciudadanos y a las empresas al propiciar una interacción más explícita entre las instituciones y los organismos públicos. Como primer paso hacia la gestión electrónica de la Administración eurocomunitaria, la Unión Europea adoptó en 2002, dentro del plan de acción eEurope 2005: una sociedad de la información para todos, la iniciativa eGovernment. El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer el plan estratégico diseñado por la Comisión para este primer quinquenio. Para ello, se analiza cómo se está llevando a cabo el proceso de transformación de una Administración presencial a una virtual y cómo el acceso electrónico a los servicios administrativos de la Unión Europea contribuye a una mayor democracia y transparencia en la Administración eurocomunitaria.

[ES]Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación ofrecen amplias posibilidades a la Unión Europea para mejorar y simplificar su propia administración interna en aras de una mayor transparencia y acceso a su información. Al tiempo, permiten una mayor eficacia en el servicio a los ciudadanos y a las empresas al propiciar una interacción más explícita entre las instituciones y los organismos públicos. Como primer paso hacia la gestión electrónica de la Administración eurocomunitaria, la Unión Europea adoptó en 2002, dentro del plan de acción eEurope 2005: una sociedad de la información para todos, la iniciativa eGovernment. Elobjetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer el plan estratégico diseñado por la Comisión para este primer quinquenio. Para ello, se analiza cómo se está llevando a cabo el proceso de transformación de una Administración presencial a una virtual y cómo el acceso electrónico a los servicios administrativos de la Unión Europea contribuye a una mayor democracia y transparencia en la Administración eurocomunitaria ; [EN]The new technologies of the information and the communication offer to the European Union wide possibilities to improve and simplify their own internal administration in order to provide an increased transparency and a better access to its information. At the same time, they allow an improved effectiveness in their service to the European citizens and companies, and also enable a better interaction between the EU institutions and the public organisms of the Member States. As a first step towards the electronic administration in Europe, the European Union adopted in 2002 the initiative eGovernment, framed into the plan of action eEurope 2005: a society of the information for all. The goal of this paper is to analyze the strategic plan designed by the European Commission for this first five-year period. It will be analyzed how the Comission is carrying out a transformation process into a virtual administration, and how electronic access to the government services in the Union contributes to strengthen democracy and transparency in the government of the European Union.

[ES]La traslación de la actividad lecto-escritora del paradigma impreso al digital trasciende aspectos como la disposición y presentación del texto, los nuevos procesos de lectura, o las nuevas formas de edición y publicación. De manera más trascendente, afectan a la asignación de nuevas competencias dentro de los roles más arquetípicos de la tradición impresa como son la figura del autor y del lector; figuras tradicionalmente limitadas a la producción y recepción del texto. El desarrollo de las redes sociales propone un nuevo medio, con un importante factor democratizador y de revalorización del talento, que abre nuevas posibilidades a esta actividad. Estos espacios virtuales establecen nuevos mecanismos para la construcción identitaria y la proyección social de escritor y lector que implican el establecimiento de nuevos géneros o la adscripción a nuevos roles. El presente trabajo pretende una aproximación a las implicaciones que las redes sociales aportan a la lectura y escritura digital. Desde los nuevos géneros o los nuevos roles, hasta las distintas estrategias que los autores y lectores adoptan para la construcción y proyección de su alter ego virtual. [eng] The translation of reading and writing activity from the printed paradigm to the digital one transcends aspects such as the layout and presentation of the text, the new reading habits, or the new forms of edition and publication. More transcendently, they affect the assignment of new competencies within the more archetypal roles of the printed tradition such as the roles of the author and the reader; figures traditionally constrained to the production and reception of the text. The development of the so-called social networks provides a new medium, with an important democratizing factor and the revaluation of talent, which opens up new possibilities for this area of activity. These virtual spaces establish new mechanisms for the construction of identity and the social projection of writer and reader that imply the establishment of new genres or the ascription to new roles. This work aims to approach the implications that social networks bring to digital reading and writing. From new genres and new roles, to the different strategies that authors and readers use for the construction and projection of their virtual alter ego.

"Contemporary developments in the book publishing industry are changing the system as we know it. Changes in established understandings of authorship and readership are leading to new business models in line with the postulates of Web 2.0. Socially networked authorship, book production and reading are among the social and discursive practices starting to define this emerging system. Websites offering socially networked, collaborative and shared reading are increasingly important. Social Reading maps socially networked reading within the larger framework of a changing conception of books and reading. This book is structured into chapters covering topics in: social reading and a new conception of the book; an evaluation of social reading platforms; an analysis of social reading applications; the personalization of system contents; reading in the Cloud and the development of new business models; and Open Access e-books. Discusses social reading as an emerging tendency involving authors, readers, librarians, publishers, and other industry professionals -- Describes how the way we read is changing -- Presents ways in which the major players in the digital content industry are developing specific applications to foster socially networked reading."--Provided by publisher

7 páginas, 5 figuras. ; Hemeoxygenase-2 (HO-2) is an antioxidant enzyme that can modulate recombinant maxi-K+ channels and has been proposed to be the acute O2 sensor in the carotid body (CB). We have tested the physiological contribution of this enzyme to O2 sensing using HO-2 null mice. HO-2 deficiency leads to a CB phenotype characterized by organ growth and alteration in the expression of stress-dependent genes, including the maxi-K+ channel α-subunit. However, sensitivity to hypoxia of CB is remarkably similar in HO-2 null animals and their control littermates. Moreover, the response to hypoxia in mouse and rat CB cells was maintained after blockade of maxi-K+ channels with iberiotoxin. Hypoxia responsiveness of the adrenal medulla (AM) (another acutely responding O2-sensitive organ) was also unaltered by HO-2 deficiency. Our data suggest that redox disregulation resulting from HO-2 deficiency affects maxi-K+ channel gene expression but it does not alter the intrinsic O2 sensitivity of CB or AM cells. Therefore, HO-2 is not a universally used acute O2 sensor. ; Research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health, the Lilly Foundation, and the Andalusian Government. ; Peer reviewed

33 páginas, 7 figuras, 1 tabla. ; GDNF is a potent neurotrophic factor that protects catecholaminergic neurons from toxic damage and induces fiber outgrowth. However, the actual role of endogenous GDNF in the normal adult brain is unknown, even though GDNF-based therapies are considered promising for neurodegenerative disorders. We have generated a conditional GDNF-null mouse to suppress GDNF expression in adulthood, hence avoiding the developmental compensatory modifications masking its true physiologic action. After Gdnf ablation, mice showed a progressive hypokinesia and a selective decrease of brain tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) mRNA, accompanied by pronounced catecholaminergic cell death, affecting most notably the locus coeruleus, which practically disappears; the substantia nigra; and the ventral tegmental area. These data unequivocally demonstrate that GDNF is indispensable for adult catecholaminergic neuron survival and also show that, under physiologic conditions, downregulation of a single trophic factor can produce massive neuronal death. ; Support was obtained from the Juan March Foundation, the Marcelino Botín Foundation, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education, the Spanish Ministry of Health (TERCEL), and the Andalusian Government. CIBERNED is funded by the "Instituto de Salud Carlos III". ; Peer reviewed

24 páginas, 8 figuras, 2 tablas. ; Early adaptive responses to hypoxia are essential for cell survival, but their nature and underlying mechanisms are poorly known. We have studied the post-transcriptional changes in the proteome of mammalian cells elicited by acute hypoxia and found that phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), a ribosomal translocase whose phosphorylation inhibits protein synthesis, is under the precise and reversible control of O2 tension. Upon exposure to hypoxia, phosphorylation of eEF2 at Thr56 occurred rapidly (<15 min) and resulted in modest translational arrest, a fundamental homeostatic response to hypoxia that spares ATP and thus facilitates cell survival. Acute inhibitory eEF2 phosphorylation occurred without ATP depletion or AMP kinase activation. Furthermore, eEF2 phosphorylation was mimicked by prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibition with dimethyloxalylglycine or by selective PHD2 siRNA silencing but was independent of hypoxia-inducible factor α stabilization. Moreover, overexpression of PHD2 blocked hypoxic accumulation of phosphorylated eEF2. Therefore, our findings suggest that eEF2 phosphorylation status (and, as a consequence, translation rate) is controlled by PHD2 activity. They unravel a novel pathway for cell adaptation to hypoxia that could have pathophysiologic relevance in tissue ischemia and cancer. ; Research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Health, the Marcelino Botin Foundation, and the Andalusian Government. ; Peer reviewed