Suchergebnisse

One of the first attempts to provide medical care to rural populations in Mexico was the social service in medicine, established at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the Michoacán University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo in 1936, the paternity of which has been disputed by several prestigious Mexican physicians. This text identifies the precise contributions made by various actors to the promotion, de­sign, and implementation of this important training and health care delivery innovation. The main conclusion of this article is that the provision of health care to rural communities by medical students in their last year of training was not the idea of a single person but the result of several efforts headed by multiple actors, including medicine students and professors, public health professionals, and university and government decision-makers. ; Una de las primeras iniciativas para llevar atención médica a las comunidades rurales de México fue el servicio social de medicina, el cual se implantó en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y en la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo en 1936, y cuya paternidad se atribuyeron diversos ilustres médicos mexicanos. Este texto precisa las contribuciones de varios actores a la promoción, diseño e implantación de esta importante innovación educativa y de atención a la salud. La principal conclusión de este artículo es que la prestación de servicios de salud a las comunidades rurales por estudiantes de medicina en su último año de carrera en México no fue idea de una sola persona, sino re­sultado de varios esfuerzos encabezados por diversos actores, entre ellos estudiantes y profesores de medicina, sanitaristas y funcionarios universitarios y gubernamentales.

Objective.To assess the equity and fairness of the Mexican health system reform that occurred in the late 1990's. Material and Methods. The Mexican reform process was evaluated using the benchmark-system designed by Daniels et al. This benchmark system was adapted to the Mexican setting by adding specific indicators. A documentary review of the Mexican reform process was conducted to score its performance for each benchmark. Results. Except for housing and nutrition components, the reform included few actions related to health determinants. For health care, the main reform initiatives were those related to extending the coverage of essential health services and decentralizing health care provision to the states. Reform initiatives included few activities related to fair financing, tiering, emphasis on second and third level care, accountability, and transparency. Conclusions. The late nineties reform of the Mexican health system had some positive effect on access of the poor to health care and administrative efficiency, but little impact on fair financing, quality of care, and democratic governance. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html ; Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de la reforma de finales de la década de 1990 en la equidad e imparcialidad del sistema mexicano de salud. Material y métodos. Para evaluar el impacto de esta reforma se utilizó un sistema de parámetros diseñado por Daniels y colaboradores que se adaptó a la realidad mexicana y al que se adicionaron indicadores específicos. Se hizo, finalmente, una revisión documental de la reforma para calificar su desempeño en cada uno de estos parámetros. Resultados. Excepto por las intervenciones en vivienda y nutricias, la reforma mostró poca preocupación por los determinantes de las condiciones de salud. En relación con la atención a la salud, las principales iniciativas de reforma tuvieron que ver con la ampliación de la cobertura de servicios esenciales y con la descentralización de los servicios de salud. Las ...

Objective. To present the results of a stakeholder analysis used to construct a map of the actors involved in the delib­eration of a proposal to increase the tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in Mexico from 10 to 20 percent per liter. Materials and methods. A literature review and in­terviews to key actors were implemented. The analysis of the actors' power and position was made using Policymaker. Results. There was concern for the obesity epidemic among all stakeholders, but little consensus on the way to solve it. Researchers and non-governmental organizations (NGO) support an increase in the tax on SSB, while government officials and industry representatives oppose this measure. Conclusion. Supporters of an increase to the tax on SSB need to build a coalition in order to force government officials to support this policy and successfully confront the soda industry, which has a solid opposing strategy and enormous financial resources to influence public opinion and congressmen. ; Objective. To present the results of a stakeholder analysis used to construct a map of the actors involved in the delib­eration of a proposal to increase the tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in Mexico from 10 to 20 percent per liter. Materials and methods. A literature review and in­terviews to key actors were implemented. The analysis of the actors' power and position was made using Policymaker. Results. There was concern for the obesity epidemic among all stakeholders, but little consensus on the way to solve it. Researchers and non-governmental organizations (NGO) support an increase in the tax on SSB, while government officials and industry representatives oppose this measure. Conclusion. Supporters of an increase to the tax on SSB need to build a coalition in order to force government officials to support this policy and successfully confront the soda industry, which has a solid opposing strategy and enormous financial resources to influence public opinion and congressmen.

BackgroundThe UN will formulate ambitious Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, including one for health. Feasible goals with some quantifiable, measurable targets can influence governments. We propose, as a quatitative health target, "Avoid in each country 40% of premature deaths (under-70 deaths that would be seen in the 2030 population at 2010 death rates), and improve health care at all ages". Targeting overall mortality and improved health care ignores no modifiable cause of death, nor any cause of disability that is treatable (or also causes many deaths). 40% fewer premature deaths would be important in all countries, but implies very different priorities in different populations. Reinforcing this target for overall mortality in each country are four global subtargets for 2030: avoid two-thirds of child and maternal deaths; two-thirds of tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria deaths; a third of premature deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs); and a third of those from other causes (other communicable diseases, undernutrition, and injuries). These challenging subtargets would halve under-50 deaths, avoid a third of the (mainly NCD) deaths at ages 50-69 years, and so avoid 40% of under-70 deaths. To help assess feasibility, we review mortality rates and trends in the 25 most populous countries, in four country income groupings, and worldwide.MethodsUN sources yielded overall 1970-2010 mortality trends. WHO sources yielded cause-specific 2000-10 trends, standardised to country-specific 2030 populations; decreases per decade of 42% or 18% would yield 20-year reductions of two-thirds or a third.ResultsThroughout the world, except in countries where the effects of HIV or political disturbances predominated, mortality decreased substantially from 1970-2010, particularly in childhood. From 2000-10, under-70 age-standardised mortality rates decreased 19% (with the low-income and lower-middle-income countries having the greatest absolute gains). The proportional decreases per decade (2000-10) were: 34% at ages 0-4 years; 17% at ages 5-49 years; 15% at ages 50-69 years; 30% for communicable, perinatal, maternal, or nutritional causes; 14% for NCDs; and 13% for injuries (accident, suicide, or homicide).InterpretationModerate acceleration of the 2000-10 proportional decreases in mortality could be feasible, achieving the targeted 2030 disease-specific reductions of two-thirds or a third. If achieved, these reductions avoid about 10 million of the 20 million deaths at ages 0-49 years that would be seen in 2030 at 2010 death rates, and about 17 million of the 41 million such deaths at ages 0-69 years. Such changes could be achievable by 2030, or soon afterwards, at least in areas free of war, other major effects of political disruption, or a major new epidemic.FundingUK Medical Research Council, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, Centre for Global Health Research, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Background. The UN will formulate ambitious Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, including one for health. Feasible goals with some quantifiable, measurable targets can influence governments. We propose, as a quantitative health target, "Avoid in each country 40% of premature deaths (under-70 deaths that would be seen in the 2030 population at 2010 death rates), and improve health care at all ages". Targeting overall mortality and improved health care ignores no modifiable cause of death, nor any cause of disability that is treatable (or also causes many deaths). 40% fewer premature deaths would be important in all countries, but implies very different priorities in different populations. Reinforcing this target for overall mortality in each country are four global subtargets for 2030: avoid two-thirds of child and maternal deaths; two-thirds of tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria deaths; a third of premature deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs); and a third of those from other causes (other communicable diseases, undernutrition, and injuries). These challenging subtargets would halve under-50 deaths, avoid a third of the (mainly NCD) deaths at ages 50–69 years, and so avoid 40% of under-70 deaths. To help assess feasibility, we review mortality rates and trends in the 25 most populous countries, in four country income groupings, and worldwide. Methods. UN sources yielded overall 1970–2010 mortality trends. WHO sources yielded cause-specific 2000–10 trends, standardised to country-specific 2030 populations; decreases per decade of 42% or 18% would yield 20-year reductions of two-thirds or a third. Results. Throughout the world, except in countries where the effects of HIV or political disturbances predominated, mortality decreased substantially from 1970–2010, particularly in childhood. From 2000–10, under-70 age-standardised mortality rates decreased 19% (with the low-income and lower-middle-income countries having the greatest absolute gains). The proportional decreases per decade (2000–10) were: 34% at ages 0–4 years; 17% at ages 5–49 years; 15% at ages 50–69 years; 30% for communicable, perinatal, maternal, or nutritional causes; 14% for NCDs; and 13% for injuries (accident, suicide, or homicide). Interpretation. Moderate acceleration of the 2000–10 proportional decreases in mortality could be feasible, achieving the targeted 2030 disease-specific reductions of two-thirds or a third. If achieved, these reductions avoid about 10 million of the 20 million deaths at ages 0–49 years that would be seen in 2030 at 2010 death rates, and about 17 million of the 41 million such deaths at ages 0–69 years. Such changes could be achievable by 2030, or soon afterwards, at least in areas free of war, other major effects of political disruption, or a major new epidemic. ; publishedVersion