Suchergebnisse

Anti-Western sentiment is a common feature of politics in many non-Western societies such as China, Cuba, Venezuela, Turkey, Iran and various Arab countries. Challenging the scholarly literature that depicts anti-Westernism as an "irrational, extremist and fundamentalist reaction to the cultural hegemony of the West", this article conceptualizes anti-Westernism as a rational reaction to – and an unsurprising consequence of – the problematic political/economic interactions between non-Western societies (e.g. Iran) and Western powers (e.g. Britain, France and the US). Iran is a particularly noteworthy case because anti-Westernism played a key role in the formation of the modern state in the country. The foreign policy of behavior of Iran in our time and the historical trajectory that produced the Islamic Republic after the 1979 Revolution cannot possibly be understood without acknowledging anti-Westernism. The origins of anti-Westernism in Iran are explored in this article through interpreting the path dependent historical experience of the country, with a particular emphasis on relations between Iran and Western countries. In contrast to works that attribute Iran's anti-Western foreign policy to the Islamist ideology of the post-1979 era, I argue that hostility to the Western-dominated international political system should actually be traced to the way in which Iranian national identity evolved in the early 20th century.

Many foreign policy analysts portray leaders as "chief negotiators" responsible for delicately sustaining a balancing act between the interests of their domestic constituents and the wishes of extra-national actors (e.g. other governments, international organisations, multinational companies). This depiction may accurately explain the behaviour of decision-makers in liberal democratic societies, but foreign policy making function differently in illiberal populist polities. This article argues that contemporary Turkey constitutes an illiberal populist regime where foreign policy making is subjugated to domestic policy concerns, and an assertive anti-Western foreign policy rhetoric is often systematically employed to generate public support to the incumbent AKP (Justice and Development Party) administration. Using the AKP's 2017 Constitutional Referendum campaign as a case study, I suggest that anti-Westernism is an effective discourse to garner domestic support under illiberal populism.

Anti-Western sentiment is a common feature of politics in many non-Western societies such as China, Cuba, Venezuela, Turkey, Iran and various Arab countries. Challenging the scholarly literature that depicts anti-Westernism as an "irrational, extremist and fundamentalist reaction to the cultural hegemony of the West," this article conceptualizes anti-Westernism as a rational reaction to –and an unsurprising consequence of– the problematic political/economic interactions between nonWestern societies (e.g. Iran) and Western powers (e.g. Britain, France and the US). Iran is a particularly noteworthy case because anti-Westernism played a key role in the formation of the modern state in the country. The foreign policy behavior of Iran in our time and the historical trajectory that produced the Islamic Republic after the 1979 Revolution cannot be understood without acknowledging anti-Westernism. The origins of anti-Westernism in Iran are explored in this article through interpreting the path dependent historical experience of the country, with a particular emphasis on the relations between Iran and Western countries. In contrast to works that attribute Iran's anti-Western foreign policy to the Islamist ideology of the post-1979 era, it will be argued that hostility to the Western-dominated international political system should actually be traced to the transformation in which the Iranian national identity evolved in the early 20th century. ; Batı karşıtlığı; Çin, Küba, Venezuela, Türkiye, İran ve Arap ülkeleri gibi birçok Batı-dışı toplumun siyasal hayatında sık rastlanılan bir öğedir. Bu makale; Batı karşıtlığını "Batı'nın kültürel üstünlüğüne karşı irrasyonel, köktenci ve aşırılıkçı bir tepki" olarak sunan akademik literatürü eleştirip, Batı karşıtlığını Batı-dışı toplumlarla (İran vb.) Batılı güçler (Britanya, Fransa ve ABD vb.) arasındaki sorunlu siyasal/ekonomik ilişkilerin doğal ve rasyonel bir sonucu olarak tanımlamaktadır. İran özellikle dikkat çekici bir örnektir çünkü Batı karşıtlığı ülkedeki modern devlet yapısının oluşumunda anahtar rol oynamıştır. İran'ın günümüzde sürdürdüğü dış politika ve 1979 Devrimi'nin ardından İslam Cumhuriyeti'ni üreten tarihsel rota Batı karşıtlığı göz önüne alınmadan anlaşılamaz. Bu makalede İran'daki Batı karşıtlığının kökenleri ülkenin nevi şahsına münhasır tarihsel tecrübesi yorumlanarak incelenmektedir; bu bağlamda özellikle İran ile Batı ülkeleri arasındaki ilişkilere odaklanılmaktadır. İran'ın Batı karşıtı dış politikasını 1979 sonrası devletin İslamcı ideolojisine bağlayan çalışmaların aksine, bu çalışmada ülkenin Batı-merkezli uluslararası siyasal sisteme duyduğu husumetin kökenlerinin aslında İran ulusal kimliğinin 20. yüzyılın başlarında geçirdiği dönüşümde aranması gerektiği savunulmaktadır. ; Telif hakları gereğince yayın erişime kapalıdır. Yayın yayıncı tarafından erişime açık ise bağlantılar kısmından ulaşılabilmektedir.

The term "New Turkey" refers to the ongoing formation of a new socio-political system by the incumbent AKP (Justice and Development Party) administration. A neglected issue within the existing literature is the study of New Turkey in the broad context of social theory beyond Turkish studies. Deterministic narratives of globalization have long presented Turkey as a "beacon of hope" in the Muslim world, a westernizing society that would supposedly combine liberal democracy, Islamic values, secularism and free-market capitalism. In contrast to these expectations, today the New Turkey constitutes an illiberal polity, a neoliberal economy based on clientelism and an increasingly Islamized social environment. How and why the Turkish modernization experience has gradually culminated in an authoritarian non-Western variant of modernity? This article utilizes a historical sociology approach based on the Uneven and Combined Development Theory (U&CD) to locate the origins of the unexpected rise of New Turkey in our age. It is argued that complex interactions between elements of Western modernity (e.g. secularization and democratization), various social engineering programs launched since the late Ottoman era and Turkey's own path dependent trajectory have gradually produced a socio-economic and political model that radically diverges from the Western experience.

Character and values education has gained importance in many societies since the first moments of the emergence of the phenomenon of education, and moreover, it has formed the basis and ultimate goal of educational processes. While values education focuses more on the adoption of the current values in society, character education focuses on universal virtues such as wisdom, justice, love, courage, honesty, etc. Character education is a sociological process by nature. Character development in students is under the influence of family, school and social environment as well as individual characteristics. Character education is based on the socialization of the individual. In this respect, a good individual is a sufficiently socialized individual. School and family constitute the basis for the formation and transmission of moral codes in the individual. In this respect, while some educational sociologists consider this socialization process as an automatic process outside the individual's preferences, some contemporary sociologists have put forward the concept of individual character with a less deterministic perspective. Keyword: Character, character education, sociological foundations of character

"This volume examines contemporary political relations between Turkey and the Middle East. In the light of the Arab uprisings of 2011, the Syria crisis, the escalation of regional terrorism and the military coup attempt in Turkey. It illustrates the dramatic fluctuations in Turkish foreign policy towards key Middle Eastern countries, such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Iraq. The contributors analyze Turkey's deepening involvement in Middle Eastern regional affairs, also addressing issues such as terrorism, social and political movements and minority rights struggles. While these problems have traditionally been regarded as domestic matters, this book highlights their increasingly regional dimension and implications for the foreign affairs of Turkey and countries in the Middle East." -- Back cover