Abstract Objectives: to propose a tool to facilitate diagnosis, formulation and evaluation of the Waste Management Plan in Primary Healthcare Centers and to present the results of the application in four selected units. Method: descriptive research, covering the stages of formulation /application of the proposed instrument and the evaluation of waste management performance at the units. Results: the tool consists in five forms; specific indicators of waste generation for outpatients healthcare units were proposed, and performance indicators that give scores for compliance with current legislation. In the studied units it is generated common waste (52-60%), infectious-sharps (31-42%) and recyclable (5-17%). The average rates of generation are: 0,09kg of total waste/outpatient assistance and 0,09kg of infectious-sharps waste/outpatient procedure. The compliance with regulations, initially 26-30%, then reached 30-38% a year later. Conclusion: the tool showed to be easy to use, bypassing the existence of a complex range of existing regulatory requirements, allowed to identify non-conformities, pointed out corrective measures and evaluated the performance of waste management. In this sense, it contributes to decision making and management practices relating to waste, tasks usually assigned to nurses. It is recommended that the tool be applied in similar healthcare units for comparative studies, and implementation of necessary adaptations for other medical services.
A informalidade no trabalho, que marca a realidade da maioria das relações de trabalho brasileiras, somada às características encontradas na população de rua, constituem o pano de fundo social propenso à geração de formas alternativas de organização do trabalho. A informalidade no trabalho, assim como a população de rua, tem composição e origem acentuadamente heterogênea; assim, torna-se fundamental que qualquer política pública destinada a estes aspectos considere suas especificidades. Neste contexto, surgem as cooperativas de catadores de resíduos sólidos, formadas por antigos catadores de lixo e ex-moradores de rua, como alternativa à informalidade no trabalho e busca pela cidadania, dentro da perspectiva da autogestão. Por meio de uma análise atual e de uma caracterização histórica sobre experiências de cooperativas de catadores brasileiras, buscou-se mostrar a capacidade inclusiva do modelo cooperativista e da relevância das parcerias destas com o poder público e com outros atores sociais. Neste escopo, é fundamental a abordagem de experiências bem sucedidas de catadores que, unidos sob a égide do cooperativismo, com a participação do poder público e/ou independentemente dele – puderam lograr a inclusão social. A autogestão desponta, assim, como alternativa real de trabalho àqueles que se encontram marginalizados pelo sistema formal de trabalho. ; Informal employment, which marks the reality of most Brazilian working relationships, plus the characteristics of the homeless population, constitute a social background prone to producing alternative forms of organizing work. Informal employment, as well as the homeless population, has a markedly heterogeneous composition and origin; thus, it becomes essential that any public policy related to these aspects consider their specificities. In this context, waste pickers' co-operatives appeared, consisting of ex-waste pickers and ex-homeless people, as an alternative to informality in the search for work and citizenship, within the perspective of self-management. Through an analysis of current and historical characterization experiments on waste pickers' co-operatives in Brazil, this article aims to show the capacity of the inclusive cooperative model and the relevance of these partnerships with government and with other players in society. For this purpose, it is essential to approach the successful experiences of waster pickers who, united through the co-operatives, with the participation of public and /or independently of it – were able to achieve social inclusion. Self-management is emerging as well, providing a real alternative to those who are marginalized by the formal system of work.
OBJETIVOS: Identificar e avaliar, com base no Sistema Globalmente Harmonizado de Classificação e Rotulagem de Produtos Químicos (GHS) e na legislação da Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT), os perigos provenientes dos resíduos químicos gerados em laboratórios de pesquisa na área de saúde. MÉTODOS: Resíduos químicos gerados em dois Laboratórios de Investigação Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foram inventariados, no período de novembro de 2017 a abril de 2019, e classificados conforme o GHS (frases de perigo) e a legislação de transportes da ANTT (classes de risco), para determinação dos perigos provenientes das respectivas substâncias e misturas. RESULTADOS: No total, foram identificadas 40 substâncias ou misturas, cuja classificação pelo GHS indicou 36 frases de perigo, sendo 27 relacionadas à saúde humana. De acordo com a legislação estabelecida pela ANTT, foram encontrados 16 casos de periculosidade associada à inflamabilidade, 15 casos relacionados à toxicidade e 12 casos relativos à corrosividade. CONCLUSÕES: Resíduos químicos gerados nos laboratórios estudados são diversificados quanto a suas características de periculosidade, implicando a possibilidade de exposição a riscos severos aos trabalhadores, aos estudantes e ao ambiente. A correta identificação desses resíduos é fator primordial para diminuição da exposição aos riscos. ; OBJECTIVES: To identify and evaluate, based on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and the legislation of the Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT – National Agency for Terrestrial Transport), the hazards arising from chemical waste generated in research laboratories in the health area. METHODS: Chemical residues generated in two medical research laboratories of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo were inventoried, from November 2017 to April 2019, and classified according to the GHS (hazard statements) and the ANTT transport legislation (risk classes), to determine the dangers coming from the respective substances and mixtures. RESULTS: In total, we identified 40 substances or mixtures with classification by the GHS indicating 36 hazard statements, 27 of which related to human health. According to the legislation established by ANTT, we found 16 cases of hazard associated with flammability, 15 cases related to toxicity and 12 cases related to corrosivity. CONCLUSIONS: Chemical residues generated in the laboratories studied are diversified in terms of their hazard characteristics, implying the possibility of exposure to severe risks to workers, students and the environment. The correct identification of these residues is a primary factor for reducing exposure to risks.
A ampliação e o fortalecimento da prestação de serviços de coleta seletiva pelos municípios brasileiros, com integração de catadores de materiais recicláveis, organizados em cooperativas e associações de catadores, vêm ao encontro das metas estabelecidas na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Estima-se que na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), em 2013, foram desviadas dos aterros sanitários, pela coleta seletiva formal, apenas 3,8% das 21.000 toneladas diárias de resíduos sólidos urbanos coletadas. O artigo analisa os impactos da PNRS na coleta seletiva formal da RMSP, a partir de resultados de pesquisas realizadas nos anos de 2004, 2010 e 2013. Foram entrevistados gestores públicos das 39 prefeituras. Verificou-se que embora a coleta seletiva, em especial a praticada por organizações de catadores, tenha se ampliado no período entre 2004 e 2013, não se observaram avanços significativos no período de 2010 a 2013, após a aprovação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos.
Abstract Community resilience is essential for disaster management and its measurement is necessary to support decision-making. This paper presents as first list of community resilience indicators for Brazilian municipalities, resulting from literature review, experts' consulting and application of the Delphi method. The experts group consisted of public managers (43%) and researchers (57%). The study comprised six phases: conceptual framework selection; composition of the indicators list; elaboration of evaluation tool (Delphi method); selection and invitation to experts; evaluation of indicators; and data analysis. As a result, the importance of 101 indicators distributed in six dimensions (environmental; social; economic; institutional; infrastructure; social capital) achieved consensus among the experts after two rounds. In the first round, 98 indicators were submitted to the evaluation of 97 specialists, with the possibility of proposing new indicators, while in the second round the final list reached consensus among the 72 respondents. The Institutional and Infrastructure dimensions were predominant, evidencing the value of public policies and urban infrastructure for community resilience to disasters in the perception of Brazilian experts.
The amount and complexity of solid waste are intensified with theoccurrence of natural disasters, compromising response and recoveryactions, causing unplanned spending, environmental damage, and healthimpacts. The proper management of disaster waste requires knowledge ofits characteristics such as quantity, composition, hazard, and managementby the identified waste stream. This article aims at the characterizationand quantification of disaster waste arisen from an event of intense rains,which occurred in 2013, in the municipalities of the State of Espírito Santoin Brazil. For characterization, an online survey instrument was developedand applied in institutions responsible for waste management. The surveywas associated with a documentary analysis of photographic recordsand information obtained from the government database. Estimation ofthe amount of waste generated was carried out in a selected set usinga method already applied in the south of the country. It was adapted tolocal characteristics and later compared with surveys carried out by themunicipality. The characterization identified sediments, soil and mud,remains of vegetation, furniture, wood, and discarded scrap as themain generated waste. The estimated additional generation for durableconsumer goods of around 1,700 tons of waste was lower than themunicipal records (7,436.46 t) in the period. It was associated with thespecific low weight of the considered affected goods and the inclusion ofother residues in the data obtained in the city hall records. The methodsused in the characterization and quantification presented applicationviability, through adjustments, and represented an important contributionto municipal disaster management to make cities able to face climatechange, carrying out safe management of disaster waste. ; A quantidade e a complexidade dos resíduos sólidos intensificam-sena ocorrência de desastres, comprometendo as ações de resposta e derecuperação e ocasionando gastos não planejados, danos ambientais eimpactos à saúde. A adequada gestão de resíduos de desastres demandaconhecimento de características como quantidade e composição, egerenciamento segundo fluxos específicos. Diante do exposto, este artigoobjetivou a caracterização e a quantificação de resíduos de desastre,decorrentes de evento de chuvas intensas, ocorrido em 2013, em municípiosdo estado do Espírito Santo, no Brasil. Para a caracterização, um instrumentode pesquisa online foi elaborado e aplicado aos setores responsáveis pelogerenciamento dos resíduos, associado a um levantamento e análisedocumental de registros fotográficos e de informações de banco de dadosgovernamental. A estimativa da quantidade de resíduos gerados foirealizada em um município selecionado utilizando método já aplicado nosul do país, adaptado às características locais e, posteriormente, comparadacom levantamentos feitos pela municipalidade. A caracterização identificousedimentos, solo e lama, e restos de vegetação, seguido de móveis,madeiras e sucatas descartados como principais resíduos gerados.A estimativa da geração adicional para bens de consumo duráveis obtida,cerca de 1.700 toneladas, foi inferior aos registros municipais (7436,46 t)no período, o que se associou ao baixo peso específico dos bens sinistradosconsiderados, além da inclusão de outros resíduos nos dados da prefeitura.Os métodos utilizados apresentaram viabilidade de aplicação, medianteajustes, representando importante contribuição para a gestão municipal dedesastres, de modo a tornar as cidades aptas a enfrentarem as mudançasclimáticas, efetuando um gerenciamento seguro dos resíduos de desastres.
The objective of this paper was to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water in a peri-urban area located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 89 water samples were collected from community plastic tanks and 177 water samples from wells were collected bimonthly, from September 2007 to November 2008, for evaluating bacteriological parameters including: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and heterotrophic plate count (HPC). Clostridium perfringens was investigated in a subsample (40 samples from community plastic tank and 40 from wells). E. coli was present in 5 (5.6%) samples from community plastic tanks (2.0 - 5.1x104 MPN/100mL) and in 70 (39.5%) well samples (2.0 - 8.6x104 MPN/100mL). Thus, these samples were not in accordance with the Brazilian Regulation. Enterococcus was detected in 20 (22.5%) samples of the community plastic tanks (1 to 79 NC/100mL) and in 142 (80.2%) well samples (1 to >200 NC/100mL). C. perfringens was detected in 5 (12.5%) community plastic tanks samples and in 35 (87.5%) wells samples (2.2 to >16 MPN/100mL). HPC were above 500 CFU/mL in 5 (5.6%) waters from community plastic tanks. In wells samples, the HPC ranged from <1 to 1.6x104 CFU/mL. The residual chlorine did not attend the standard established in the drinking water legislation (0.2 mg/L), except in 20 (22.5%) samples. These results confirm the vulnerability of the water supply systems in this peri-urban area what is clearly a public health concern.
