Il periodo temporale in cui si inserisce il tema trattato è quello tardoimperiale (dalla fine del III secolo alla metà del V secolo d.C.). A seguito della riorganizzazione amministrativa dell'impero in una pars Occidentis e in una pars Orientis, rette da due imperatori, la dottrina si è posta il problema dell'efficacia territoriale delle leges generales nello spazio e, in particolare, se la lex generalis di un Augusto fosse efficace soltanto nei territori governati da quest'ultimo o se lo fosse (e in che modo, cioè ipso iure o previo atto di ricezione e conferma) anche nei territori retti dal collega. Questo è il problema del dualismo legislativo. Attraverso l'esame di un gran numero di costituzioni imperiali, la tesi indaga, sulla base di diversi indici ricavati dalle fonti giuridiche e non, la potenziale efficacia degli atti normativi a tutto l'impero romano, a partire dagli editti di età dioclezianea e sino all'avvento del Codice Teodosiano che cercò di regolamentare la questione. ; The subject of the thesis refers to the late Roman Empire (from the late III century until mid-fifth century A.C.). Because of the administrative reorganization of the empire between pars Occidentis and pars Orientis, governed by two emperors, the scholars debate the problem about imperial proununcements's (leges generales) territorialy in the Roman Empire and, specially, if a lex generalis by an Emperor was valid only in his territories or if it was valid (and how, that is ipso iure or prior act of receiving) also in the territories governed by other emperor. This is the problem about "separation of legislation". By examining many imperial pronouncements, the thesis deals, by different elements obtained from legal sources and not, the abstract territorialy of the leges generals to all the Roman Empire, from the "edicta" by Diocletian until the Theodosian Code.
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 98, S. 66-73
Questo Dossier è dedicato alla presentazione del background scientifico e dei risultati del Progetto AFO (Appropriatezza farmaci oncologici) sviluppato dall'Agenzia sanitaria e sociale della Regione Emilia-Romagna nell'ambito del Programma Ricerca e innovazione (PRI E-R). Dal punto di vista del background scientifico l'elemento di originalità del progetto è stato la sperimentazione dell'uso del metodo GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) per la produzione e graduazione di raccomandazioni cliniche relative all'effetto degli interventi sanitari. Il metodo GRADE è nato dall'attività avviata nel 2000 di un gruppo di lavoro internazionale che ha ritenuto necessario mettere a punto un approccio unificato alla produzione di raccomandazioni cliniche in presenza di una molteplicità di sistemi di grading tra loro non sempre coerenti e la cui variabilità mette in serio pericolo la fruibilità dello strumento linee guida/raccomandazioni. Dal punto di vista dei contenuti e delle modalità operative, il Progetto AFO - che ha anche ottenuto un finanziamento da parte del Ministero del Lavoro, della salute e delle politiche sociali nell'ambito del Programma Ricerca finalizzata (Fondo ex art. 12 DLgs 502/1992) - è nato con l'obiettivo di sperimentare la possibilità di coinvolgere gruppi multidisciplinari di clinici nella produzione di raccomandazioni sull'uso appropriato di farmaci oncologici, sia nuovi sia già registrati ma in evoluzione per quanto riguarda le indicazioni cliniche. Nella prima parte del Dossier, dopo una breve introduzione relativa alla filosofia del programma PRI E-R e agli scopi del progetto AFO, viene presentato il metodo GRADE, le sue assunzioni e le tappe operative di applicazione. Nella seconda parte vengono presentati i risultati del lavoro dei tre panel multisciplinari che hanno prodotto complessivamente 32 raccomandazioni per la terapia adiuvante e la fase avanzata del trattamento dei tumori della mammella, del colon retto e del polmone. Conclude la seconda parte del Dossier una discussione circa le criticità di applicazione del metodo e le potenzialità e i limiti del suo utilizzo per la produzione di strumenti utili al miglioramento dell'appropriatezza d'uso dei farmaci. Nell'Appendice viene infine riportato, a scopo esemplificativo, il testo di due raccomandazioni relative all'uso del trastuzumab nella terapia adiuvante del tumore della mammella e delle fluoropirimidine nella terapia adiuvante del tumore del colon. ; This report is devoted to the presentation of the scientific background and results of the AFO (an acronym standing for Appropriateness of Oncologic Drugs) project developed by the Health Care and Social Agency of Emilia-Romagna region in the framework of the Research and Innovation program (PRI E-R). From the methodological standpoint the novelty of the project stems from the utilisation of the GRADE method (Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) for the production and grading of clinical recommendations on the effects of health care interventions. The GRADE method originated from the work of an international working group that, starting 2001, was convened to go beyond the variations in the existing methods for producing and grading clinical recommendations. These variations were mostly due to conceptual inconsistencies that, if not properly recognised and addressed, would jeopardise the credibility of the entire guidelines movement. From the subject matter standpoint the AFO project - which was also partially supported by a research grant from the Italian Ministry of Welfare, Health and Social Affairs - was conceived to test the feasibility of a working methodology where multidisciplinary panels of clinicians would be convened to produce clinical recommendations on newly registered drugs as well as those already in widespread use but whose indications change over time. In the first part of the report, after a brief introduction on the working hypotheses and objectives of the PRI ER program and the AFO project, the GRADE method is presented and discussed. In the second part the results of the activities of the three panels that produced a total of 32 recommendations for the adjuvant and advanced treatment of breast, colorectal and lung cancer are reported. The final session of the report addresses some open issues relative to the application of the GRADE method to the production of clinical recommendations construed with the explicit aim of improving quality and appropriateness of care in oncology. In the Appendix, two examples of the recommendations produced though this project are presented: they refer to Trastuzumab in the treatment of early breast cancer and Fluoropirimide in the adjuvant therapy of colon cancer.
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 116, S. 99-106
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 110, S. 269-279
Forthcoming large photometric surveys for cosmology require precise and accurate photometric redshift (photo-z) measurements for the success of their main science objectives. However, to date, no method has been able to produce photo-zs at the required accuracy using only the broad-band photometry that those surveys will provide. An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current methods is a crucial step in the eventual development of an approach to meet this challenge. We report on the performance of 13 photometric redshift code single value redshift estimates and redshift probability distributions (PDZs) on a common set of data, focusing particularly on the 0.2-2.6 redshift range that the Euclid mission will probe. We designed a challenge using emulated Euclid data drawn from three photometric surveys of the COSMOS field. The data was divided into two samples: one calibration sample for which photometry and redshifts were provided to the participants; and the validation sample, containing only the photometry to ensure a blinded test of the methods. Participants were invited to provide a redshift single value estimate and a PDZ for each source in the validation sample, along with a rejection flag that indicates the sources they consider unfit for use in cosmological analyses. The performance of each method was assessed through a set of informative metrics, using cross-matched spectroscopic and highly-accurate photometric redshifts as the ground truth. We show that the rejection criteria set by participants are efficient in removing strong outliers, that is to say sources for which the photo-z deviates by more than 0.15(1+z) from the spectroscopic-redshift (spec-z). We also show that, while all methods are able to provide reliable single value estimates, several machine-learning methods do not manage to produce useful PDZs. We find that no machine-learning method provides good results in the regions of galaxy color-space that are sparsely populated by spectroscopic-redshifts, for example z> 1. However they generally perform better than template-fitting methods at low redshift (z< 0.7), indicating that template-fitting methods do not use all of the information contained in the photometry. We introduce metrics that quantify both photo-z precision and completeness of the samples (post-rejection), since both contribute to the final figure of merit of the science goals of the survey (e.g., cosmic shear from Euclid). Template-fitting methods provide the best results in these metrics, but we show that a combination of template-fitting results and machine-learning results with rejection criteria can outperform any individual method. On this basis, we argue that further work in identifying how to best select between machine-learning and template-fitting approaches for each individual galaxy should be pursued as a priority. ; Sinergia program of the Swiss National Science Foundation German Research Foundation (DFG) Ts 17/2-1 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) 2018-23-HH.0 1.05.01.88.04 European Space Agency European Commission Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Canadian Euclid Consortium Centre National D'etudes Spatiales Danish Space Research Institute Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology European Commission Spanish Government National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie Norwegian Space Agency Romanian Space Agency State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space O ffice (SSO) United Kingdom Space Agency