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Considered within the long process through which Milan has become a "city of exhibitions", the "Mostra nazionale delle Arti e dell'Industria" 1881 is of crucial relevance. On that occasion, twenty years after the country's unification, the roaring Excelsior Ball in the background, Milan displayed its self-portrait in the pavilions under the motto "Labor vincit omnia", standing as "moral capital of Italy". Such an ambitious project relied on a series of volumes – Mediolanum (Vallardi), Milano 1881 (Ottino), Milano e i suoi dintorni (Civelli), – offering the radiant image of a close and hard-working community. In this perspective, such a close collaboration between the ruling class and Milan-based intellectuals during the exhibition represented a model: promoted by a state-of-the-art publishing industry, the initiative fostered a synergy between the educated members of society, be them Milan-born or adoptive, who gathered in institutional venues as well as within the "repubblica della carta sporca". Writers and journalists, engineers and economists, technicians and scientists, engravers and artists were all committed to sketch the portrait of the "città più città d'Italia" (Verga). They all stood on the common ground provided by a sound value system, never giving way to bombastic statements, and by the shared interests of a modern civil society: a common ground made firmer by the Enlightenment and Romantic tradition and a Smilesian confidence in positivist culture. Milan's hard-working ethics is well summarized in the slogans of Milanese pride: initiative, inter-class solidarity, lay tolerance and charitable philanthropy; a strong tie to "cose serie, cose sode"; an idea of progress meant as cautious evolution; the promotion of a wide-ranging knowledge able to combine the humanities with "utili cognizioni", strongly suspicious of any kind of abstraction. Common sense, intended as the combination of balance and integrity, was considered as the rule of daily life, while the public sphere was governed by an efficient local government priding itself on being miles away from the idle talk of the political capital. Recovering Cattaneo's motto - "convertire il mondo moderno in mondo nostro" - the "moral capital" rose to the challenge of industrial progress within the European context, against any form of short-sighted and regressive entrenchment.

Unico romanzo ottocentesco a mettere in scena le Cinque Giornate di Milano, "Entusiasmi" di Roberto Sacchetti (1881) disegna l'affresco della rivolta popolare con le tinte vivaci della festa: l'intreccio avventuroso di eventi storici e vicende sentimentali delinea il diagramma delle responsabilità individuali e collettive; la rappresentazione dell'insurrezione vittoriosa, contrapposta al quadro cupo della sconfitta militare, illustra le dinamiche contraddittorie del moto risorgimentale.

El presente trabajo analiza informacion que proviene de una base de datos generada a traves de una encuesta aplicada a una muestra, estadisticamente representativa, de maestros de los tres planteles de la UAM y de las cuatro unidades de la UPN localizadas en el Distrito Federal. La investigacion demuestra que las maestras universitarias dedican 42 horas semanales al trabajo domestico y cuidado de los hijos, mientras que los hombres dedican menos de la mitad

The negotiations between Colombian government and FARC-EP have taken a fundamental step which consist of changing the path from weapons to democracy. The analysis is focused in two moments: the first is founded in the dynamic of the war where is necessary the appropriation of the concept and practice of the couple friend-enemy that find its resolution in the destruction and death; the second describes the process of reintegration into society as a consequence of the agreement with the Colombian government and goes to assimilate the presence and action of the other as a possible contradictorbut also as the one who can and must share a space for social and peaceful coexistence. The theoretical orientation of the arguments comes from the thesis about cultural pause in the study of the foreigner in the conception of Alfred Schütz, in the frames in the autopoietic system created by Niklas Luhmann, the total institutions of Erving Goffman and the processes of role and ex-role examined by Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, within the thesis of Hannah Arendt on plurality and difference as the essence of the political. The reading to paradigmatic change of friend-enemy from the FARC-EP, goes to interpretation of enunciated thesis with the purpose of contributing to the understanding of the complexity of the process that the organization experiences to be recognized in the civilian life and politics of Colombian democracy. ; La negociación del gobierno de Colombia con las FARC-EP ha dado un paso fundamental que consiste en cambiar el camino de las armas a la democracia. Dos momentos son focalizados en el análisis: el primero se encuentra en la dinámica de la guerra para la cual es decisiva la apropiación del concepto y práctica de la pareja amigo-enemigo que encuentran su resolución en la destrucción y la muerte; el segundo describe el proceso de reintegración a la sociedad, como consecuencia del acuerdo con el Gobierno colombiano, y pasa por asimilar la presencia y acción del otro como posible contradictor pero también con quien se puede, y se debe, compartir un espacio para la convivencia social pacífica. La orientación teórica de la argumentación se deriva de las tesis acerca de la pauta cultural en el estudio del extranjero en la concepción de Alfred Schütz, los marcos o frames en el sistema autopeiético ideado por Niklas Luhmann, las instituciones totales de Erving Goffman y los procesos de rol y exrol examinados por Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, dentro de la tesis de Hannah Arendt sobre la pluralidad y la diferencia como esencia de lo político. La lectura al cambio paradigmático de amigo-enemigo por parte de las FARC-EP pasa por una traducción de las tesis enunciadas con el fin de contribuir a la comprensión de la complejidad del proceso que experimenta la organización para que sea reconocida en la vida civil y política de la democracia colombiana.

In Rwanda, pneumonia and diarrhea are the first and second leading causes of death, respectively, among children under five. Household air pollution (HAP) resultant from cooking indoors with biomass fuels on traditional stoves is a significant risk factor for pneumonia, while consumption of contaminated drinking water is a primary cause of diarrheal disease. To date, there have been no large-scale effectiveness trials of programmatic efforts to provide either improved cookstoves or household water filters at scale in a low-income country. In this paper we describe the design of a cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the impact of a national-level program to distribute and promote the use of improved cookstoves and advanced water filters to the poorest quarter of households in Rwanda. We randomly allocated 72 sectors (administratively defined units) in Western Province to the intervention, with the remaining 24 sectors in the province serving as controls. In the intervention sectors, roughly 100,000 households received improved cookstoves and household water filters through a government-sponsored program targeting the poorest quarter of households nationally. The primary outcome measures are the incidence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhea among children under five years of age. Over a one-year surveillance period, all cases of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhea identified by health workers in the study area will be extracted from records maintained at health facilities and by community health workers (CHW). In addition, we are conducting intensive, longitudinal data collection among a random sample of households in the study area for in-depth assessment of coverage, use, environmental exposures, and additional health measures. Although previous research has examined the impact of providing household water treatment and improved cookstoves on child health, there have been no studies of national-level programs to deliver these interventions at scale in a developing country. The results of this study, the first RCT of a large-scale programmatic cookstove or household water filter intervention, will inform global efforts to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality from diarrheal disease and pneumonia. This trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02239250).

Neste artigo, analisamos as campanhas oficiais dos(as) candidatos(as) às prefeituras de todas as capitais brasileiras, em 2020, no Facebook. A partir de técnicas de estatística descritiva e da análise de enquadramentos, observamos os atores e narrativas com melhor desempenho na rede e suas principais características, como posicionamento no espectro político, enquadramentos, alinhamentos e recursos comunicacionais. Os resultados mostram a reação da esquerda na rede após as eleições de 2018, liderada por páginas de partidos pequenos, que usaram a plataforma principalmente para discutir conjuntura e questões identitárias. Contudo, mantiveram-se como tendência as práticas de campanha negativa e o agendamento de temas de apelo subjetivo, como família e religião, sobretudo entre as páginas apoiadoras de Bolsonaro, político mais referenciado durante o pleito.

Background The ISN has stressed the need for integrated worldwide renal care. Registries will play a vital role by defining disease burden, monitoring treatment and outcomes, but vary in coverage and structure. This study describes the current scope and technical aspects of international renal registries. Methods The ISN established 'Sharing Expertise to support the set-up of Renal Registries' (SharE-RR) to support countries developing a registry (www.theisn.org/advocacy/share-rr). Surveys were developed to collect geographical and modality coverage as well models of data collection, technical, governance and funding information from national and international registries (SurveyMonkey, English language only). Piloting and iterative development was undertaken with 6 registries in 3 continents. In 2018 the survey was emailed to 126 contacts provided by members from the African, Australian and New Zealand, ERA-EDTA, Latin American and United States renal registries. Surveys were administered in batches with up to 5 reminders sent to non-responders. Respondents were asked to forward the survey to other registries covering renal replacement therapy in their country, where appropriate. Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel. National/regional survey results •91 contacts responded from 85 registries in 78 countries and 6 countries without established registries (72% response rate) •Of these 85 registries: •73 (86%) had national coverage •12 (14%) covered a region only Adults [Figure 1] •84 (99%) registries reported coverage of adults receiving haemodialysis (HD) •78 (92%) peritoneal dialysis (PD) •63 (74%) kidney transplant (Tx) •60 (71%) registries covered all three modalities and 5 (6%) covered just one Children •64 (75%) reported coverage of children receiving HD •56 (66%) PD •51 (60%) Tx Chronic/acute kidney disease •19 (22%) reported coverage of chronic kidney disease •8 (9%) acute kidney injury Data collection •44 (52%) registries used web-forms to assimilate data •31 (36%) paper-based •24 (28%) email •19 (22%) direct extraction from clinical systems •14 (16%) a secured data line •4 (5%) billing data •39 (46%) used a mixture Economy •46 (54%) responses were from high-income economies, 25 (29%) from upper-middle and 13 (15%) from lower-middle economies. Burundi was the sole low-income country •51% of the world's high-income countries, 46% of higher-middle, 28% of lower-middle and 5% of low-income countries reported a registry Funding •45 registries (53%) declared funding direct from government (61% of high-income, 48% of upper middle-income, 38% of lower middle-income and 0% of low-income responders) •Overall, 39 (46%) registries reported government as their main source of funding •Professional bodies/societies were the main funder for 18 (21%) registries and provided funding to 26 (31%) registries •7 registries (8%) reported no funding Conclusion The 2018 SharE-RR survey highlights international inequality in the ability to monitor access to, quality and outcomes of renal care. The most comprehensive registries are found in higher-income nations, which are more likely to receive government support. Scarce evidence of registry activity was found in low-income economies. Collection of data relating to individuals not receiving dialysis is rare, which precludes estimation of true disease burden. Paediatric coverage seems less complete than for adults, though the survey may not have reached all registries. Developing renal registries in resource constrained economies is critical to developing effective preventative, renal-replacement and supportive care services. The SharE-RR project has been developed to make progress in this vital area.

Los rumbos del desarrollo urbano y territorial de Quito muestran la emergencia de nuevas bases sociales de la democracia y de procesos económicos. Surgen nuevos consensos territoriales y políticos que demandan cambios en las instituciones. El desarrollo de Quito, comprendido como sus distintas dimensiones humana, urbana, territorial, social, política y económica, es el paradigma de la ciudadanía y de la Municipalidad. El modelo de gestión urbana precisa de una reflexión académica, relacionada con los procesos de decisión que tienen lugar en la ciudad.

Rationale The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 has suspended many non-COVID-19 related research activities. Where restarting research activities is permitted, investigators need to evaluate the risks and benefits of resuming data collection and adapt procedures to minimize risk. Objectives In the context of the multicountry Household Air Pollution Intervention (HAPIN) trial conducted in rural, low-resource settings, we developed a framework to assess the risk of each trial activity and to guide protective measures. Our goal is to maximize the integrity of reseach aims while minimizing infection risk based on the latest scientific understanding of the virus. Methods We drew on a combination of expert consultations, risk assessment frameworks, institutional guidance and literature to develop our framework. We then systematically graded clinical, behavioral, laboratory and field environmental health research activities in four countries for both adult and child subjects using this framework. National and local government recommendations provided the minimum safety guidelines for our work. Results Our framework assesses risk based on staff proximity to the participant, exposure time between staff and participants, and potential viral aerosolization while performing the activity. For each activity, one of four risk levels, from minimal to unacceptable, is assigned and guidance on protective measures is provided. Those activities that can potentially aerosolize the virus are deemed the highest risk. Conclusions By applying a systematic, procedure-specific approach to risk assessment for each trial activity, we were able to protect our participants and research team and to uphold our ability to deliver on the research commitments we have made to our staff, participants, local communities, and funders. This framework can be tailored to other research studies conducted in similar settings during the current pandemic, as well as potential future outbreaks with similar transmission dynamics. The ...