Impact of the EU-Georgia Association Agreement on the Legal Order of Georgia
In: Kyiv-Mohyla law and politics journal, Volume 0, Issue 4, p. 53-64
ISSN: 2414-9942
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In: Kyiv-Mohyla law and politics journal, Volume 0, Issue 4, p. 53-64
ISSN: 2414-9942
Georgian legislation in the field of migration is generally very liberal. This kind of approach finds its expression in the provisions on return from Georgia too. Though the legislation imposes an obligation on foreign citizens to leave the territory of Georgia before the expiry of the term of legal stay in Georgia, they get an additional 10 days within which they may leave Georgia without any legal consequences. Even after the 10 days term foreigners are allowed to leave Georgia voluntarily with the payment of a fine. Legislation establishes only two levels of fine: overstay for the period of 10 days up to 3 months and overstaying for over 3 months. The fact there is this option and the low fine in place (180 GEL/360 GEL is equal to 82 Eur/164 Eur) undermines the deterrent effect of these provisions. Besides, as to the consequences there are no difference between expulsion and forced expulsion. In both cases, a foreign citizen who has been expelled from Georgia will be denied a visa and a residence permit and refused entry to Georgia for one year. This provision does not facilitate voluntary departure within the term set by the Ministry of Justice. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
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CARIM-East: Creating an Observatory of Migration East of Europe ; This is the translated version of CARIM-East RR 2013/23 ; Georgia is, above all, a country of emigration. For that reason, the issue of the integration of immigrants has never been to the fore in the political debate. However, even if there is no policy document on the integration of migrants there are a lot of provisions in Georgian legislation which are related to the integration of migrants. Primarily this concerns the provisions regulating the rights and obligations of migrants as the comparison of legal status of migrants with that of Georgian citizens may help to define the position of migrant with regard to integration. Also of importance are those measures implemented by the state which can be considered as positive measures with regards to integration. Therefore, we will first analyse the legal and institutional framework of integration will be analyzed and second, we will offer an overview of measures supporting the integration of migrants as well as reintegration measures taken by the state. Challenges will be identified and recommendations will be elaborated based on this analysis. It should also be noted here that the study will cover the status of foreign citizens in general and the integration-relevant aspect of relations in which stateless persons and also refugees participate. ; CARIM-East is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.
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The problem of internally displaced persons has been one of the main concerns of the Georgian state since the early nineties. While taking into account its relevance for the country, Georgia has adopted a lot of legal acts aimed at regulating issues related to the legal status of IDPs. Nevertheless, due to limited financial resources, the assistance provided to IDPs is rather modest given their needs. As to asylum seekers, refugees and persons with humanitarian status, their legal situation is determined by several legal regimes. In general, they have the same rights as other foreigners. However, with regard to the right to education they enjoy the same rights as Georgian citizens. In terms of financial and social assistance they receive from the state, in most cases, similar amounts to the assistance received by the IDPs. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
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Trafficking in persons was criminalized in Georgia in 2003 when the relevant provisions were included in the Criminal Code of Georgia. 1 28 April 2006, the Parliament of Georgia adopted the Law on Combating Trafficking in Persons. This law, as the name suggests, stipulates the legal and organizational grounds for preventing and combating human trafficking. It also sets the legal status of victims. In the same year the Georgian Parliament ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. In 2007, a provision was added to the Criminal Code of Georgia. This criminalized the use of services of a victim of human trafficking.2 ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
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CARIM-East: Creating an Observatory of Migration East of Europe ; The main goal of the present study is to analyze the legal aspects of labour migration governance in Georgia. For this purpose, an analysis of national legal instruments related to labour migration governance has been carried out. And an overview is given of those international agreements, which are of relevance for Georgia. The study is carried out in the following main directions: First, there is an overview of existing legislative mechanisms; second, an analysis of the coherence of these mechanisms; and, third, a survey of gaps and challenges and recommendations. The content of the study is mainly based on the analysis of legal documents. However, it should be noted that the number of legislative acts and other official documents related to labour migration is very limited. This is due to the liberalization of migration policy, which is a reflection of the extremely liberal policy of the current Georgian government. As a consequence, Georgian legislation does not provide for the overseas employment of Georgian citizens in any form. And as to the access of aliens to the Georgian labour market, there are only some limited mechanisms, which in practice do not have a visible regulatory effect. Namely, legislation does not impose any obligation for aliens to obtain a work permit before starting work. Thus, the Georgian labour market is wide open to citizens of foreign countries. It is recommended that the state changes to a model of labour migration governance which would be both efficient and active. This model should be based on a consideration of economic and demographic effects and it should be developed on the basis of migration flow analysis. ; CARIM-East is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.
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Generally, the Georgian legislative framework in the field of migration is extremely liberal. With regard to mobility and employment there are no or minimal limitations. Therefore, notwithstanding the absence of the definition of ?circular migration?, there are several provisions which support repetitive back and forth mobility. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
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Generally, Georgian legislation differentiates between the procedures for granting asylum and that for granting refugee status. Asylum is granted by the President of Georgia in exceptional cases, whereas refugee status is a matter for the Ministry of IDPs from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees and applies to cases where a person has been persecuted unjustifiably in a foreign country. In conclusion, the Georgian asylum-related legislation covers most relevant aspects but, for example, the notion of subsidiary protection has still not been regulated. Some confusion has also been caused by the differentiation between granting asylum and refugee status. In this regard, it should be stressed that the relevant provisions on granting asylum have never been applied. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; English version, Russian version is CARIM-East 2012/23
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Georgian migration-related legislation is an extremely liberal, foreign nationalfriendly system. It addresses all aspects of the migration process, but because of its liberal nature, many issues remain unregulated (e.g. absence of work permits for foreign nationals). ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; English version, Russian version is CARIM-East 2012/24
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Проблемы внутренне перемещенных лиц были одной из основных проблем Грузинского государства с начала девяностых годов. Беря во внимание их важность для страны, Грузия приняла множество правовых актов, направленных на регулирование вопросов, связанных с правовым статусом ВПЛ. Тем не менее, в связи с ограниченностью финансовых ресурсов, помощь, оказываемая ВПЛ, довольно мала по сравнению с их потребностями. Что касается лиц, ищущих убежища, беженцев и лиц с гуманитарным статусом, их правовое положение определяется несколькими правовыми режимами. В общем, они имеют такие же права, как и другие иностранцы. Тем не менее, что касается права на образование, они пользуются теми же правами, что граждане Грузии. С точки зрения финансовой и социальной помощи, которую они получают от государства, в большинстве случаев, суммы помощи аналогичны суммам, полученным ВПЛ. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; Russian version of CARIM-East 2013/128
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Грузинское законодательство в области миграции в целом является очень либеральным. Этот подход выражается и в положениях о возвращении из Грузии. Хотя законодательство налагает на иностранных граждан обязательство покинуть территорию Грузии до истечения срока законного пребывания в Грузии, они получают дополнительные 10 дней, в течение которых они могут покинуть Грузию без правовых последствий. Даже после 10 дней иностранцам позволяется покинуть Грузию добровольно, выплатив штраф. Законодательство устанавливает только два уровня штрафов: превышение периода пребывания на срок от 10 дней до 3 месяцев и превышение на срок более 3 месяцев. Наличие этого варианта и небольшая величина штрафа (180 лари/360 лари, что равно 82 евро/164 евро) подрывают предупредительное воздействие этих положений. Кроме того, в плане последствий нет разницы между выдворением и принудительным выдворением. В обоих случаях иностранному гражданину, который был выдворен из Грузии, может быть отказано в визе и виде на жительство и отказано во въезде в Грузию на один год. Это положение не способствует добровольному отъезду в пределах срока, установленного Министерством юстиции. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; Russian version of CARIM-East 2013/76
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CARIM-East: Creating an Observatory of Migration East of Europe ; This is the translated version of CARIM-East RR 2013/22 ; Грузия является, прежде всего, страной эмиграции. По этой причине вопрос об интеграции иммигрантов никогда не выдвигался на первый план в политических дебатах. Однако даже если нет отдельного политического документа по интеграции мигрантов, есть много положений в законодательстве Грузии, связанных с интеграцией мигрантов. В первую очередь это касается положений, регулирующих права и обязанности мигрантов. Сравнение правового статуса мигрантов со статусом граждан Грузии может помочь определить ситуацию мигрантов в сфере интеграции. Также важны и принимаемые государством меры, рассматриваемые как позитивные в отношении интеграции. Таким образом, мы сначала проанализируем правовые и институциональные рамки в сфере интеграции мигрантов и, во-вторых, предложим краткий обзор мер, принятых государством по содействию интеграции мигрантов, а также реинтеграции озвращающихся мигрантов. На основе этого анализа будут определены проблемы и даны рекомендации. Следует также отметить, что исследование охватывает иностранных граждан в целом, а также интеграционные вопросы, связанные с лицами без гражданства, а также беженцами. ; CARIM-East is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.
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Торговля людьми была кримилизирована в Грузии в 2003 году, когда в Уголовный кодекс Грузии были включены соответственные этой теме положения.1 28 апреля 2006 года Парламент Грузии принял Закон «О борьбе с торговлей людьми». Этот закон, как следует из названия, устанавливает правовые и организационные основы предупреждения и борьбы с торговлей людьми. Закон также определяет правовой статус жертвы торговли людьми. В том же году Парламент Грузии ратифицировал Протокол о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, особенно женщинами и детьми, дополняющий Конвенцию Организации Объединенных Наций против транснациональной организованной преступности, а также Конвенцию Совета Европы о противодействии торговле людьми. В 2007 году в Уголовный кодекс Грузии было добавлено положение криминализирующее использование услуг жертв торговли людьми. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; Russian version of CARIM-East 2013/47
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Законодательство Грузии по вопросам убежища охватывает большую часть важных аспектов, но, например, понятие дополнительной защиты пока что им не регулируется. Определённая непоследовательность наблюдается в области разграничения предоставления убежища и статуса беженца. В этой связи необходимо подчеркнуть, что соответствующие положения в области предоставления убежища никогда не применялись. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; Russian version of CARIM-East 2011/01
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В целом, Грузинское законодательство в области миграции является чрезвычайно либеральным. Что касается мобильности и трудовой занятости, ограничений нет или они минимальны. Таким образом, несмотря на отсутствие определения "циркулярная миграция", есть несколько положений в законодательстве Грузии, которые содействуют повторяющейся въездной и выездной мобильности. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; Russian version of CARIM-East 2012/61
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