Suchergebnisse

L'écrivain italien Paolo Giordano s'est rendu à Réïm, dans le sud d'Israël, où le Hamas a massacré des jeunes lors d'une rave, le 7 octobre. Il en a rapporté ce texte, paru dans La Lettura , le supplément littéraire du Corriere della Serra , le 17 décembre 2023.

Despite the growing political priority given to making trade work for the majority in Latin America, a notable gap exists in the knowledge about the distributive impacts of trade integration. This study attempts to fill this gap: it surveys the most recent contributions to the mainstream trade economics literature, assesses their relevance for Latin America and concentrates on specific quantitative empirical available on the region. It concludes that despite the impossibility to rigorously and unambiguously assert that trade openness is conducive to growth and poverty reduction, the preponderance of evidence supports this conclusion. However, the majority of empirical studies also show that the impact of trade on growth and poverty is generally small and that the causes of indigence are to be found elsewhere. Likewise, it is extremely arduous to find evidence that supports the notion that trade protection is good for the poor.

This book contains the contributions presented at the international workshop 'The Dynamics of Complex Urban Systems: an interdisciplinary approach' held in Ascona, Switzerland in November 2004. Experts from several disciplines outline a conceptual framework for modeling and forecasting the dynamics of both growth-limited cities and megacities. Coverage reflects the various interdependencies between structural and social development.

A new modelling framework for the study of the dynamics of urban systems is proposed. We generalize the notion of cellular automaton, using continuous variables to describe the state of a cell. The time evolution is given by Poisson-distributed stochastic jumps corresponding to urban interactions, with intensities depending on the configuration of the system in a suitable set of neighbourhoods. These interactions result from decision processes of populations of cognitive agents modelled in the framework of fuzzy decision theory. The behaviour of agents is driven by goals and constraints, partially defined using a fuzzy logic formalization of a real estate appraisal method based on the evaluation of the attractiveness of a terrain for different land uses. Randomness of the dynamics is a consequence of the fuzziness of these decisions. Hence the model can be seen as a multiagent system with sound mathematical foundation. For example, the use of a continuum-valued state space enables us to prove that the expectation of state variables verify a system of differential equations, and thus to study the system from a dynamical systems theory perspective. In this paper we present the theoretical setting, leaving the applications to a second paper.