One of the main topic which currently fuels the public debate and political campaigns in the UK is the exercise of free movement of EU migrants, as, while the net migration of non-EU migrant seems to have decrease, the net migration of EU citizens in the UK is reaching is highest pick ever. The government led by the Prime Minister David Cameron, in order to respect its politic agenda and to oppose the euro-sceptical right-wing party – UKIP- has approved several reforms between 2013 and 2014 against EU migrants' access to benefits, especially for those who are jobseekers or on low income. In Chapter 1, I analysed how the concept of free movement in the UK was born and has been developed since then at European level, focusing on Directive 2004/38/EC on Right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States and further developments. Then, I look in detail at the Immigration EEA Regulations 2006, which has implemented the Citizens' Directive in the UK and I highlighted the existence of discrepancies with the Directive, amendments and new proposals to modify it and the Directive itself. In Chapter 2, I focused on the principle of equal treatment under EU law and on grounds of removal from the host Member State, especially where a EU migrant has become an "unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the UK". After that, I did a research on the benefits system in the UK, analysing its structure, the difference between social assistance, social security and SNCBs, what are the principle benefits, who is entitled and how much is the amount received, paying particularly attention to a plan of reforms entered into force between 2013 and 2014 which had the effect to curb the access to non-contributory benefits to EU (non-British) jobseekers or economically inactive persons. Finally, I tried to process and compare official data on immigration and access to benefits in order to verify if effectively EU migrants are burden on the British welfare state. In Chapter 3, I have recalled the most famous judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union on derivative right of residence for third-country family members of a EU citizen: Chen, Baumbast, Ibrahim, Teixira, Carpenter, Zambrano and McCarthy. Then I concentrated on Zambrano derivative right of residence as the CJEU exercised its creative role very broadly and this has had lot of influence and reactions from the side of Member States. In the UK, it's very difficult to obtain a right of residence as a Zambrano carer since the national courts and authorities gave a strict construction of the main principle contained in Zambrano judgment as well as they are not able to access non-contributory benefits at all. Eventually, I tried to make some general observations on the relationship between the Court of Justice and its creative ruling on the one hand and the influence and the reactions of Member States on the other hand, in order to see what the consequences could they be and how much discretion Member States keep at present.
Introduzione Il consumo di molluschi bivalvi (MB) crudi o poco cotti può rappresentare un rischio per la presenza di microrganismi patogeni derivanti da contaminazione fecale. La normativa comunitaria prevede che i produttori possano raccoglierli soltanto nelle zone di produzione classificate dall'autorità competente (AC) come A, B o C in relazione al livello di contaminazione fecale, con Escherichia coli come indicatore (Reg. CE n. 853/2004 e Reg. CE n. 854/2004). Per classificare le zone di produzione l'AC deve effettuare un "sanitary survey" per valutare le fonti di inquinamento e istituire un programma rappresentativo di campionamento dei MB nella zona considerata. Oltre alla valutazione di parametri biologici, chimici e fisici cogenti, l'AC può altresì valutare parametri aggiuntivi ai fini di una completa sorveglianza sanitaria. L'AC deve inoltre programmare attività di monitoraggio, generalmente a cadenza trimestrale, per verificare se il livello di rischio sia cambiato e la zona debba essere riclassificata. Il "Centro per le scienze dell'ambiente, della pesca e dell'acquacoltura" (CEFAS) ha pubblicato nel 2017 delle Linee Guida aggiornate per l'esecuzione dei sanitary surveys. Una serie di audit effettuati su undici Stati Membri nel periodo 2011-2013 dal Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) ha tuttavia evidenziato sostanziali carenze nei sistemi di riclassificazione. Nel 2011, nessuna zona di produzione era stata ancora riclassificata in Italia. La regione Liguria ha quindi intrapreso il primo sanitary survey relativo al triennio 2012-2014 per le zone di produzione di MB del golfo della Spezia. Successivamente, è stato effettuato il sanitary survey, relativo al triennio 2015-2017. Questo studio è volto ad analizzare i dati provenienti dal report "sanitary survey 2018: riclassificazione delle zone del golfo adibite alla molluschicoltura" relativo al triennio 2015-2017, elaborato dalla Struttura Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale dell'ASL 5 Spezzino. Summary Consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked bivalve molluscs can result in illness due to the presence of microorganisms, notably algal biotoxins and viral contamination arising from human faecal pollution (EFSA, 2015). As established by EU legislation, gatherers may only harvest LBM from production areas with fixed locations and boundaries that the competent authority (CA) has classified as being of class A, B or C according to the level of faecal contamination and using Escherichia coli as indicator organism (Regulation CE n. 853/2004 and Regulation CE n. 854/2004). In order to classify a production area, the CA implements a sanitary survey aimed at evaluating the sources of contamination in the catchment area and establishing a sampling programme of LBM ensuring that the results of the analysis are as representative as possible for the considered area. Ongoing monitoring (generally of a three-annual basis) are also needed to determine whether the level of risk has changed, and the classification status should be therefore modified. In 2017, the Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) published an updated Community guide providing principles and operational guidelines that should be applied by the CA to practically perform the sanitary survey. Despite of this legislative background, a series of audits undertaken between 2011 and 2013 by the European Commission's Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) on eleven Member States highlighted consistent gaps in the classification systems of LBM production areas. According to the official data, no re-classification procedures had been performed yet in 2011 within the entire Italian territory. Given the necessity to fulfil EU requirements, the Liguria Region implemented its first sanitary survey on the production areas of the gulf of La Spezia, which covered the three years 2012-2014 and whose results were reported in a final report published in 2015. The procedures for the sanitary survey concerning the subsequent three-year period were initiated in 2015 and the relative final report was published in 2018. The aim of this study was to analyse the data from the final report of the sanitary survey concerning the three years 2015-2017 developed by ASL 5 Spezzino and published in 2018. Materiali e Metodi Sono stati estrapolati dati relativi al numero e alla tipologia di analisi effettuate sulle specie Mytilus galloprovincialis, Crassostrea gigas e Venus verrucosa nei punti di campionamento previsti dal piano di monitoraggio e al numero e alla tipologia di non conformità (NC) riscontrate sulla base di parametri cogenti e parametri aggiuntivi di sorveglianza sanitaria. I dati sono stati confrontati con quelli del sanitary survey relativo al triennio precedente (2012-2014). Opportuni test statistici sono stati utilizzati per valutare i dati provenienti dal monitoraggio di E. coli e Norovirus. Risultati e Discussione Sono state effettuate 4306 analisi, soprattutto su M. galloprovincialis (89%) e per lo più su agenti biologici e biotossine marine. Sono state rilevate 160 NC, la maggior parte delle quali (93.7%) riferibili a positività per Norovirus in M. galloprovincialis e C. gigas, con una forte prevalenza del genogruppo GII. La prevalenza di Norovirus nel golfo della Spezia è risultata essere tra le più elevate a livello nazionale. Al contrario, nonostante alcune NC riscontrate per le biotossine marine, lo stato sanitario delle zone di produzione del golfo è risultato relativamente sicuro rispetto ad altre realtà nazionali. È stato dimostrato che i livelli di E. coli sono correlati sia con la piovosità che con la stagionalità (maggiori nel periodo più freddo). In entrambi i casi sono principalmente coinvolti i punti di campionamento interni alla diga e della Baia di Portovenere, da attribuire principalmente alla direzione delle correnti marine ed al loro rallentamento nei suddetti punti. Rispetto al confronto con il triennio precedente, è stata riconfermata la classe B per M. galloprovincialis, le zone di produzione di C. gigas sono state riclassificate A e quelle di V. verrucosa sono invece state definitivamente chiuse per le difficoltà riscontrate nel reperimento di un numero di campioni rappresentativo. Il sanitary survey si è confermato uno strumento utile nella riclassificazione e nel monitoraggio sanitario delle zone di produzione di MB.
18 pages, 4 figures. ; In this study, 111 ready-to-eat anchovy products were collected on the Italian market. The products were molecularly identified through a BLAST analysis of a highly informative cytb fragment amplified by a newly designed primer pair for the genus Engraulis spp. and the mislabelling rate was assessed. In addition, the labels were analysed in the light of the current EU law. Despite only one mislabelling case was observed (mislabelling rate 0.9%), which involved the substitution of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) with the low-valuable Peruvian/Chilean anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), the molecular technique developed in this study was proved as suitable tool for detecting species in processed anchovy products. It could be therefore applied to carry out more extensive EU survey aimed at evaluating the mislabelling rate of such products, still poorly covered by a targeted and clear legislation system. ; Peer reviewed
