Suchergebnisse

A distinction is made between the concepts of evolue & elite. Evolue implies assimilation of French culture & is undiff'iated in practice from educ, while elites are diff'iated according to educ & the poi'al situation. An elite group has 4 characteristics: (1) it is distinct from the rest of society; (2) it has a preeminence that is recognized through deference; (3) this preeminence is general & (4) it can be imitated, ie, it exerts an indirect influence on soc behavior. Pol'al leaders in French black Africa passed through 2 types of Sch's: the formal one of the educ'al system imported from France & later on apprenticeship in pol'al practice, in France or in their native countries. French educ'al theories in Africa are discussed along with the goal of assimilation & the ambiguities to which it gave rise, as well as the pol'al practice. The latter part covers the administration's policy toward elites & the, relations between the new elites, the traditional elites & the masses. Next an examination of the educ'al system set up by France in the colonies discusses the structure of the system, the number of Sch's, types & levels of instruction & the Sch pop according to Sch's & geographical areas. Senegal is chosen for a more intensive examination. At the time of the departure of the colonial powers, 2 hierarchies confronted each other in the African countries. The ancient one, strong through its continuity & soc traditions, was challanged by the new popular leaders, who had been educated in European Sch's & who felt conscious of representing the masses, & in most cases, the new elites pushed the traditional ones into the background. In the former English & French colonies, the leadership is young, & while the old tribal elites threaten secession, the new leaders also face a threat from younger people who have graduated from U's after their nation's independence. Compared with them, the pre-independence elites appear conservative & satiated, their revolutionary aspirations satisfied. The fact that this development occurs in former colonies of France as well as English ones shows its generality. In most cases, this conflict is between classes rather than individuals. The new members of the new, younger groups resent their elders' rapid advance & are impatient to advance themselves. Thus the educ imported from Europe has brought about a development that lays bare the contradictions of the colonial situation. A. Peskin.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE CHANGNG NATURE OF INTER-AMERICAN MULTILATERAL COOPERATION, WITH THE FOCUS ON THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS). IT SHOWS THAT THE NOTION OF A REVITALIZED OAS IS UNDERPINNED BY RECENT DEBATES ON FOUR ISSUES: SECURITY, DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENT, AND PARTNERSHIP. IT EXPLAINS THAT THESE FOUR ISSUES REMAIN THE SOURCE OF CONFLICTING VIEWS ON INTER-AMERICAN RELATIONS. IT THEN SUMMARIZES HOW THE CONTEMPORARY EVOLUTION OF THE OAS PROVIDES USEFUL INSIGHTS FOR THE STUDY OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE.