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The role of urban churches in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Knights HospitallersIn research the Knighs Hospitallers' Bailiwick of Brandenburg so far mostly has been considered as a regional unit that consisted of commanderies, whose economy mainly based on the agriculture in their estates. The Possession of urban churches, however, ‒ we mean here not only urban parish churches, but also hospital churches and chapels in the urban space in possession of the order ‒ hardly did play a role in historical accounts. The bailiwick, which ranged up to 1370 from the Weser to the Vistula, in the 14th and 15th century included 26 commanderies, but also 20 urban churches, of which 17 lied in immediate towns. In the rectories of the urban churches the Knights put their own priests, which were responsible for the organisation of the entire local church life. Nine of them were subordinated under no commander but only the General Preceptor of the bailwick which could empower them as needed on other churches. As curators ("Pfleger"), the nine priests participated regularly in the chapters of the bailiwick and had the right to vote in all questions and to participate in the elections of the general preceptors. They represented the members of their mostly small priest convents which has been builded at the nine churches. So far we have still little knowlege about these convents. Apparently some of their brethren similar like mendicants moved around as terminarians in the region to raise funds for the order. Foundations of chapels, altars and masses for these churches were of such high importance for the Knights that they discussed about it and decided on their permission on the chapters of the bailiwick. Overall, therefore the urban churches have probably played an important role in the bailiwick and the whole order. Apparently the Knights in raising their ownership of urban churches besides their commanderies created a second economic pillar, which put their response money payment to the total order on a more solid material basis. ; The role of urban churches in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Knights Hospitallers In research the Knighs Hospitallers' Bailiwick of Brandenburg so far mostly has been considered as a regional unit that consisted of commanderies, whose economy mainly based on the agriculture in their estates. The Possession of urban churches, however, ‒ we mean here not only urban parish churches, but also hospital churches and chapels in the urban space in possession of the order ‒ hardly did play a role in historical accounts. The bailiwick, which ranged up to 1370 from the Weser to the Vistula, in the 14th and 15th century included 26 commanderies, but also 20 urban churches, of which 17 lied in immediate towns. In the rectories of the urban churches the Knights put their own priests, which were responsible for the organisation of the entire local church life. Nine of them were subordinated under no commander but only the General Preceptor of the bailwick which could empower them as needed on other churches. As curators (Pfleger), the nine priests participated regularly in the chapters of the bailiwick and had the right to vote in all questions and to participate in the elections of the general preceptors. They represented the members of their mostly small priest convents which has been builded at the nine churches. So far we have still little knowlege about these convents. Apparently some of their brethren similar like mendicants moved around as terminarians in the region to raise funds for the order. Foundations of chapels, altars and masses for these churches were of such high importance for the Knights that they discussed about it and decided on their permission on the chapters of the bailiwick. Overall, therefore the urban churches have probably played an important role in the bailiwick and the whole order. Apparently the Knights in raising their ownership of urban churches besides their commanderies created a second economic pillar, which put their response money payment to the total order on a more solid material basis. ; The role of urban churches in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Knights Hospitallers In research the Knighs Hospitallers' Bailiwick of Brandenburg so far mostly has been considered as a regional unit that consisted of commanderies, whose economy mainly based on the agriculture in their estates. The Possession of urban churches, however, ‒ we mean here not only urban parish churches, but also hospital churches and chapels in the urban space in possession of the order ‒ hardly did play a role in historical accounts. The bailiwick, which ranged up to 1370 from the Weser to the Vistula, in the 14th and 15th century included 26 commanderies, but also 20 urban churches, of which 17 lied in immediate towns. In the rectories of the urban churches the Knights put their own priests, which were responsible for the organisation of the entire local church life. Nine of them were subordinated under no commander but only the General Preceptor of the bailwick which could empower them as needed on other churches. As curators (Pfleger), the nine priests participated regularly in the chapters of the bailiwick and had the right to vote in all questions and to participate in the elections of the general preceptors. They represented the members of their mostly small priest convents which has been builded at the nine churches. So far we have still little knowlege about these convents. Apparently some of their brethren similar like mendicants moved around as terminarians in the region to raise funds for the order. Foundations of chapels, altars and masses for these churches were of such high importance for the Knights that they discussed about it and decided on their permission on the chapters of the bailiwick. Overall, therefore the urban churches have probably played an important role in the bailiwick and the whole order. Apparently the Knights in raising their ownership of urban churches besides their commanderies created a second economic pillar, which put their response money payment to the total order on a more solid material basis.

The role of urban churches in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Knights HospitallersIn research the Knighs Hospitallers' Bailiwick of Brandenburg so far mostly has been considered as a regional unit that consisted of commanderies, whose economy mainly based on the agriculture in their estates. The Possession of urban churches, however, ‒ we mean here not only urban parish churches, but also hospital churches and chapels in the urban space in possession of the order ‒ hardly did play a role in historical accounts. The bailiwick, which ranged up to 1370 from the Weser to the Vistula, in the 14th and 15th century included 26 commanderies, but also 20 urban churches, of which 17 lied in immediate towns. In the rectories of the urban churches the Knights put their own priests, which were responsible for the organisation of the entire local church life. Nine of them were subordinated under no commander but only the General Preceptor of the bailwick which could empower them as needed on other churches. As curators ("Pfleger"), the nine priests participated regularly in the chapters of the bailiwick and had the right to vote in all questions and to participate in the elections of the general preceptors. They represented the members of their mostly small priest convents which has been builded at the nine churches. So far we have still little knowlege about these convents. Apparently some of their brethren similar like mendicants moved around as terminarians in the region to raise funds for the order. Foundations of chapels, altars and masses for these churches were of such high importance for the Knights that they discussed about it and decided on their permission on the chapters of the bailiwick. Overall, therefore the urban churches have probably played an important role in the bailiwick and the whole order. Apparently the Knights in raising their ownership of urban churches besides their commanderies created a second economic pillar, which put their response money payment to the total order on a more solid material basis. ; The role of urban churches in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Knights Hospitallers In research the Knighs Hospitallers' Bailiwick of Brandenburg so far mostly has been considered as a regional unit that consisted of commanderies, whose economy mainly based on the agriculture in their estates. The Possession of urban churches, however, ‒ we mean here not only urban parish churches, but also hospital churches and chapels in the urban space in possession of the order ‒ hardly did play a role in historical accounts. The bailiwick, which ranged up to 1370 from the Weser to the Vistula, in the 14th and 15th century included 26 commanderies, but also 20 urban churches, of which 17 lied in immediate towns. In the rectories of the urban churches the Knights put their own priests, which were responsible for the organisation of the entire local church life. Nine of them were subordinated under no commander but only the General Preceptor of the bailwick which could empower them as needed on other churches. As curators (Pfleger), the nine priests participated regularly in the chapters of the bailiwick and had the right to vote in all questions and to participate in the elections of the general preceptors. They represented the members of their mostly small priest convents which has been builded at the nine churches. So far we have still little knowlege about these convents. Apparently some of their brethren similar like mendicants moved around as terminarians in the region to raise funds for the order. Foundations of chapels, altars and masses for these churches were of such high importance for the Knights that they discussed about it and decided on their permission on the chapters of the bailiwick. Overall, therefore the urban churches have probably played an important role in the bailiwick and the whole order. Apparently the Knights in raising their ownership of urban churches besides their commanderies created a second economic pillar, which put their response money payment to the total order on a more solid material basis. ; The role of urban churches in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Knights Hospitallers In research the Knighs Hospitallers' Bailiwick of Brandenburg so far mostly has been considered as a regional unit that consisted of commanderies, whose economy mainly based on the agriculture in their estates. The Possession of urban churches, however, ‒ we mean here not only urban parish churches, but also hospital churches and chapels in the urban space in possession of the order ‒ hardly did play a role in historical accounts. The bailiwick, which ranged up to 1370 from the Weser to the Vistula, in the 14th and 15th century included 26 commanderies, but also 20 urban churches, of which 17 lied in immediate towns. In the rectories of the urban churches the Knights put their own priests, which were responsible for the organisation of the entire local church life. Nine of them were subordinated under no commander but only the General Preceptor of the bailwick which could empower them as needed on other churches. As curators (Pfleger), the nine priests participated regularly in the chapters of the bailiwick and had the right to vote in all questions and to participate in the elections of the general preceptors. They represented the members of their mostly small priest convents which has been builded at the nine churches. So far we have still little knowlege about these convents. Apparently some of their brethren similar like mendicants moved around as terminarians in the region to raise funds for the order. Foundations of chapels, altars and masses for these churches were of such high importance for the Knights that they discussed about it and decided on their permission on the chapters of the bailiwick. Overall, therefore the urban churches have probably played an important role in the bailiwick and the whole order. Apparently the Knights in raising their ownership of urban churches besides their commanderies created a second economic pillar, which put their response money payment to the total order on a more solid material basis.

The religious houses of the Hospitallers in Mecklenburg in their conflict with the Dukes of Mecklenburg in the 16th centuryDuring the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders. ; During the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders. ; The religious houses of the Hospitallers in Mecklenburg in their conflict with the Dukes of Mecklenburg in the 16th centuryDuring the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders.

The religious houses of the Hospitallers in Mecklenburg in their conflict with the Dukes of Mecklenburg in the 16th centuryDuring the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders. ; During the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders. ; The religious houses of the Hospitallers in Mecklenburg in their conflict with the Dukes of Mecklenburg in the 16th centuryDuring the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders.

Networks of interpersonal connections between nobility in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Order of St. JohnThe article considers the role of networks of interpersonal connections between the noble families and how they influenced the functioning of the so called Brandenburg Bailiwick of the Order of St. John in the 14th century. The very term 'Brandenburg Bailiwick', which had been coined in the early-modern era, is misleading for the late medieval era because the Bailiwick covered commanderies between the rivers Weser and Vistula. Apart from the region of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, it also covered the lands of the principalities of Brunswick, Mecklenburg, Pomerania and Eastern Pomerania. Late medieval sources refer to this Bailiwick as encompassing Saxonia, Marchia, Slavia and Pomerania. An important factor in the development of this Bailiwick was the annexation of the holdings of the Templars after the dissolution of the Templar Order in 1312. The annexation was a challenge for the Hospitallers as they had too few members to properly manage the acquired properties. The management posts of the new commanderies were frequently given to nobles from the Brunswick duchies, who made use of their networks of contacts and influences in the region. This practice only began to change in favour of the nobility from the Brandenburg and Pomeranian regions after 1399. This was reflected in the change of the name of the Bailwick, with the term Marchia taking priority before Saxonia. ; Networks of interpersonal connections between nobility in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Order of St. John The article considers the role of networks of interpersonal connections between the noble families and how they influenced the functioning of the so called Brandenburg Bailiwick of the Order of St. John in the 14th century. The very term 'Brandenburg Bailiwick', which had been coined in the early-modern era, is misleading for the late medieval era because the Bailiwick covered commanderies between the rivers Weser and Vistula. Apart from the region of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, it also covered the lands of the principalities of Brunswick, Mecklenburg, Pomerania and Eastern Pomerania. Late medieval sources refer to this Bailiwick as encompassing Saxonia, Marchia, Slavia and Pomerania. An important factor in the development of this Bailiwick was the annexation of the holdings of the Templars after the dissolution of the Templar Order in 1312. The annexation was a challenge for the Hospitallers as they had too few members to properly manage the acquired properties. The management posts of the new commanderies were frequently given to nobles from the Brunswick duchies, who made use of their networks of contacts and influences in the region. This practice only began to change in favour of the nobility from the Brandenburg and Pomeranian regions after 1399. This was reflected in the change of the name of the Bailwick, with the term Marchia taking priority before Saxonia.

Networks of interpersonal connections between nobility in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Order of St. JohnThe article considers the role of networks of interpersonal connections between the noble families and how they influenced the functioning of the so called Brandenburg Bailiwick of the Order of St. John in the 14th century. The very term 'Brandenburg Bailiwick', which had been coined in the early-modern era, is misleading for the late medieval era because the Bailiwick covered commanderies between the rivers Weser and Vistula. Apart from the region of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, it also covered the lands of the principalities of Brunswick, Mecklenburg, Pomerania and Eastern Pomerania. Late medieval sources refer to this Bailiwick as encompassing Saxonia, Marchia, Slavia and Pomerania. An important factor in the development of this Bailiwick was the annexation of the holdings of the Templars after the dissolution of the Templar Order in 1312. The annexation was a challenge for the Hospitallers as they had too few members to properly manage the acquired properties. The management posts of the new commanderies were frequently given to nobles from the Brunswick duchies, who made use of their networks of contacts and influences in the region. This practice only began to change in favour of the nobility from the Brandenburg and Pomeranian regions after 1399. This was reflected in the change of the name of the Bailwick, with the term Marchia taking priority before Saxonia. ; Networks of interpersonal connections between nobility in the medieval Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Order of St. John The article considers the role of networks of interpersonal connections between the noble families and how they influenced the functioning of the so called Brandenburg Bailiwick of the Order of St. John in the 14th century. The very term 'Brandenburg Bailiwick', which had been coined in the early-modern era, is misleading for the late medieval era because the Bailiwick covered commanderies between the rivers Weser and Vistula. Apart from the region of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, it also covered the lands of the principalities of Brunswick, Mecklenburg, Pomerania and Eastern Pomerania. Late medieval sources refer to this Bailiwick as encompassing Saxonia, Marchia, Slavia and Pomerania. An important factor in the development of this Bailiwick was the annexation of the holdings of the Templars after the dissolution of the Templar Order in 1312. The annexation was a challenge for the Hospitallers as they had too few members to properly manage the acquired properties. The management posts of the new commanderies were frequently given to nobles from the Brunswick duchies, who made use of their networks of contacts and influences in the region. This practice only began to change in favour of the nobility from the Brandenburg and Pomeranian regions after 1399. This was reflected in the change of the name of the Bailwick, with the term Marchia taking priority before Saxonia.