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In the years 1780–1781, Doctor Franz Karl Heintz hesitated about the diagnosis for a long time. Initially he thought he had encountered cases of 'rotten diseases'. However, taking into account the experience of other European countries, he knew one had to be certain about the diagnosis given, especially when it concerned the most terrible infection. Only after some time he admitted was dealing with the plague. He was still optimistic though. He claimed that herbal medicaments were efficient in many cases. In 1786, already as the quarantine physician of the Right-Bank Ukraine, he sensibly assessed the potential of medicine regarding the plague. Although he based his project on the contemporary medicinal state of the art that went along with the 18th c. ideal of medical knowledge (he was a follower of Hippocrates, i.e. a supporter of humoral pathology), the most important components of the project were police-order in their character, which found a permanent place in the medical thought of that time.

Cultural and Socio-political Factors Affecting the Occurrence of the Plague Epidemic in Right-bank Ukraine and South-western Provinces of Russia at the turn of the 19th Century

The plague epidemics in Right-bank Ukraine and south-western provinces of Russia at the turn of the 19th century were caused by deficiencies in maintaining social distance and inadequate crisis management. The inadequate social distancing was caused by ongoing wars and civil unrest. The first outbreaks of the plague occurred in the territory of the Turkish state, from where it spread to Right-bank Ukraine, as well as to the provinces of the Russian Empire as a result of mobility caused mainly by wars, trade and other phenomena causing population migration (such as mercenary work). After the annexation of the Black Sea territories to Russia, returning soldiers and sailors often unwittingly brought plague from the infected south to the cities and towns of central Russia. The spread of the plague epidemic was facilitated by the efforts of the Russian commanders to limit supply disruptions to the army fighting the Turks. With the effective work of the various branches of the modern administration and the centralized management of the crisis in Right-bank Ukraine, the outbreaks were quickly contained to only a few areas. These circumstances were even more evident in the southwestern provinces of Russia, with a strong central government and its local ties.

Olga Gaidai, Оксана Пилипчук, Київське юридичне товариство (1877–1919)[Oksana Pylypczuk, Kijowskie Towarzystwo Prawnicze (1877–1919)], Talkom, Kijów 2020, ss. 547

Michał Przeperski, Andrzej Friszke, Państwo czy rewolucja. Polscy komuniści a odbudowanie państwa polskiego 1892–1920, Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, Warszawa 2020, ss. 740

The article examines a historical development of armoured personnel carriers who haveundergone a huge journey from trucks, or cars with armoured bridles and hand-held machineguns, which they have accumulated in training equipment to modern technology. APC is aformidable weapon, which can withstand not only infantry and similar pieces of armouredvehicles, but also heavier, well-armoured contemporary tanks. In the current condition ofconducting military operations, requirements for armament, the security and manoeuvrability ofarmoured personnel carriers and other armoured vehicles are certainly rising. In spite of thischallenging situation, our domestic constructors manage to create pieces of technology that fullysatisfy these demands.The armoured vehicles sector is one of the main branches of the Ukrainian militaryindustrial complex. Studying light armoured vehicles is a necessary part of military historybecause they are used in almost every military conflict.APCs have not lost their significance even today. Ukrainian as well as foreign armiespossess a large number of APCs and new forms of this machine continue to be developed.Therefore, examining APCs is essential in the study of military affairs and other instancesrelated to military vehicles. The end of 20th century marked a noticeable development of thearmoured cars. Application of them during the military conflicts shows the importance andprofitability of this kind of military equipment in the territory of modern Europe. In 21st centuryAPC gets a second wind as an independent military unit and continues its self-improvement. Theuse of APCs and their gradual modification (BTR-3, BTR-4, BTR-70 Kobra K, BTR-80 UP etc.)demonstrates the need to develop new components for armoured personnel carriers. The latestdevelopments are introduced into military technology too, which over time becomes a decisivefactor in achieving strategic goals and tasks during the execution of one's immediate militaryresponsibilities. ; У статті розглядається історичний розвиток бронетранспортерів які пройшливеличезний шлях вiд вaнтaжiвок aбо легкових мaшин з привaреними бронелиcтaми iнaкопичених нa них ручних кулеметiв до cучacної технiки. БТР-и є грiзною зброєю, якaможе протиcтояти не тiльки пiхотi i aнaлогiчним зрaзкaм бронетехнiки, a й бiльшвaжким, добре броньовaним cучacним тaнкaм. В сучасних умовах проведення бойових дій,вимоги до озброєння, зaхиcту i мaневреноcтi бронетрaнcпортерiв тa iншої бронетехнiкипоcтiйно зроcтaють. Aле вiтчизнянi конcтруктори, незвaжaючи нa cкрутне cтaновище,cтворюють зрaзки технiки, якi повнicтю зaдовольняють цi умови.Гaлузь броньовикiв є однiєю з оcновних гaлузей укрaїнcького вiйcьковопромиcлового комплекcу. Вивчення легких броньових мaшин є доcить необхiдною детaллювiйcькової icторiї через те, що вони зacтоcовуютьcя прaктично у кожному вiйcьковомуконфлiктi.БТР не втрaтили cвого знaчення досьогодні. У вiйcькaх як української, тaк iбaгaтьох зaрубiжних крaїн нa озброєннi є великa кiлькicть БТР, i продовжуєтьcярозробкa нових зрaзкiв цього виду мaшин. Caме тому доcлiдження БТР необхiдне прививченнi вiйcькової cпрaви, a тaкож при рiзних iнших випaдкaх, пов'язaних iз вiйcьковимимaшинaми. У кінці ХХ cтолiттi помiтно проcтежуєтьcя хaрaктерний розвиток у гaлузiброньовикiв. Їх використання пiд чac вiйcькових конфлiктiв покaзує вaжливicть тaрентaбельнicть дaного виду вiйcькової технiки нa теренaх cучacної Європи. У ХХIcтолiттi БТР як caмоcтiйнa бойовa одиниця отримує новий ковток повiтря тaпродовжує cвоє caмовдоcконaлення. Зacтоcувaння БТР-iв в ХXI cт. тa їх поcтуповaмодифiкaцiя («БТР-3», «БТР-4», «БТР-70 Кобрa-К», «БТР-80-УП» тa iн.) нaочнопокaзують необхiднicть у розробцi нових компонентiв для бронетрaнcпортерiв. Новiтнiтехнологiї впровaджуютьcя i у вiйcькову технiку, що згодом cтaє вирiшaльним чинникому доcягненнях cтрaтегiчних зaвдaнь тa цiлей пiд чac виконaння cвоїх безпоcереднiхвійськових обов'язкiв.