Suchergebnisse

The article deals with the key components of the Sino-German bilateral relations. Much attention is given to the successes achieved in cooperation in 2019. It is spoken in detail about the importance of "panda diplomacy" in bilateral relations between China and Germany, as well as in relations with Russia and the United States. The author comes to the conclusion that China and Germany are the guarantors of the stability of international relations and contribute to the multipolarization of the world.

In the modern era of globalization, culture has become an important indicator of the total power of the state, and also began to act as a decisive force in the relationship between actors and the system of international relations. China and Iran are the birthplace of ancient oriental civilizations, have long-term cultural exchanges, which are the basis and conditions for cultural interaction between the two countries. 2021 has become an important milestone in Sino-Iranian relations. The countries celebrated the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations and signed an agreement on comprehensive strategic cooperation for 25 years. Cultural cooperation between China and Iran goes back centuries during the Han Dynasty, when the Chinese traveler Zhang Qian opened the Great Silk Road, which became an important channel of communication and friendship between the peoples of China and Iran. At present, "One Belt, One Road" is not only a way of economic and trade cooperation, but also a means of cultural exchange. Today, Sino-Iranian cultural relations are a dynamic process. There are several mechanisms for cultural cooperation such as the "China-Iran Friendship Association Annual Meeting" and the "China-Iran Cultural Dialogue". The countries closely cooperate through women's and other specialized creative organizations, interact in the field of cinema, youth exchanges, and are also engaged in the popularization and teaching of the Persian language in China and the Chinese language in Iran.

Охарактеризованы подходы к пониманию сущности понятия «компетенция социального взаимодействия» и его компонентов, представленных в работах различных авторов: философов, социологов, психологов, педагогов. Проведен анализ структуры данной компетенции, включающей совокупность компонентов, обеспечивающих эффективное социальное взаимодействие в учебной деятельности и будущей профессии. Цель настоящего исследования - выявление педагогических условий эффективного формирования у студентов архитектурно-строительного вуза компетенции социального взаимодействия в условиях профессиональной подготовки.The article characterizes the approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of competence of social interaction and its components which can be found in philosophical, sociological, psychological, pedagogical works; analyzes the structure of the discussed competence, which includes a set of components that ensure effective social interaction in educational activity and future profession. The purpose of the current study is to identify pedagogical conditions for effective formation of social interaction competence at students of the university of architecture and engineering in the context of professional training.

In this paper we present the current situation of France in the field of tourism and describe the main state organizations that carry on business in the sphere of tourism development in the French Republic. We also give examples of the main events delivered by these institutions for the sustainable development of the tourism industry in France. Today in France there are several state structural units that are full of vitality in this direction. Of these, the following departments and organizations were considered: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development; Ministry of Commerce and Finance; Interagency Committee on Tourism, Tourism Promotion Council, Atout France, etc.

Thanks to the active work carried out at the state level, France today holds one of the leading positions among the countries to be most frequently visited by tourists. Moreover, the results of this smart policy are the annual income from the development of the tourism industry in France, which, in turn, significantly affects the economic welfare of the country.

Thus, a carefully thought-out state policy in the field of tourism has a favorable effect on the socio-economic condition of the country as a whole.

This paper deals with the analysis of the regional security problems in the North-East Africa. The author refers in the introduction to the colonial past of the African continent, when the territory of African countries was arbitrarily divided between the major colonial powers. After the Second World War as a result of raising the national liberation movement the African peoples gained independence, but the colonial past has left its imprint on the new independent states in the form of a series of armed conflicts, upon which the author dwells in the main part. The author pays major attention to the conflicts in the North-East Africa, particularly, in the Horn of Africa. The author exhaustively covers the main causes of African conflicts such as the colonial past of these countries, arbitrarily set boundaries, as a result of which many of African nations were divided, as well as difficult post-colonial national-state development, and the active intervention of external forces. The conflicts in Somalia, Sudan, inter-state conflicts between Ethiopia and Somalia and between Ethiopia and Eritrea have been considered. There have been distinguished regional and international organizations, which in prospect should assume the responsibility for the maintenance of regional security. ; peer-reviewed

The article is based on the study of the biography of Khairi Gimadi (Gimadutdinov Khairutdin Gimadievich), the famous Tatar historian, Candidate of Sciences in History, Senior Researcher of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the specialty of "History of Tataria". He worked as Senior Researcher at The Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Kazan Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (IYALI KFAN USSR), and later as Head of the History Sector. Kh. Gimadi's scientific activity took place under a tightening ideological control over the activities of the national intelligentsia in the context of the famous August (1944) Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Contemporary researchers often refer to his works, especially when describing the events associated with the mentioned Resolution. But specialized works on the study of the biography of Kh. Gimadi still do not exist. The article presents the results of the scientific research related to the study of the biography of the Tatar historian, the most valuable of which were the memoirs of Kh. Gimadi, stored in the personal archive of his children. The sources contain the information about the parents, the native village of Khairutdin Gimadievich; the rural life is also described. The most part of the story is devoted to the period of famine in the Volga region and to the children homelessness in the 1920s. The materials of the article will be useful for regional and Russian historians studying the development of Russian science and the Soviet everyday life.

The article is the first research work on the biography of Khairi Gimadi, who was a bright representative of the Soviet school of historians, whose activities took place at the time of tighter ideological pressure on the Tatar intelligentsia. Kh. Gimadi's works on the history of the Tatar ASSR were created in the context of the ongoing campaigns against "bourgeois objectivism" and "cosmopolitanism", linguistic and political economic discussions. Being a loyal communist, he often had to sacrifice his scientific principles, and it ultimately led to the disillusionment with the current system and the tragic death of the historian. The article uses the method of oral history (in-depth interview), which played an important role in building a holistic picture of the life of Kh. Gimadi. For the first time, the personal file of the historian is introduced into a scientific circulation, the documents from which allow us to trace the pedagogical, scientific, and socio-political activities of the scholar. The most valuable are the memoirs and letters of Kh. Gimadi. These records are kept in his children's personal archives and reflect the childhood and adolescence of the future historian: they describe in detail the years of mass famine in the Volga region, children homelessness, the work of the Children's commissions and orphanages. The materials of the article may be useful for the researchers studying the development of the Humanities during the period of late Stalinism, the daily life of the Soviet children of the 1920s and the intelligentsia of the 1940s and 1950s.

This paper presents the scientific work of the Department of Language Studies of the Research Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History (IYALI) during the period of the tightening ideological control over the Soviet intelligentsia activities. The author considers the effect on the work of Kazan linguists of the well-known Resolution "On the status and measures for improving the social and political, ideological activities in the Tatar party organization" (1944). According to the archive materials, the impact of Marr's pseudoscientific theory on the development of linguistics in the Tatar Republic is reflected for the first time. The author notes that Kazan scholars repeatedly had to revise the finished works in the wake of yet another resolutions of the CPSU Central Committee, despite the fact that the ideological tilt could very quickly turn in the opposite direction. The frequent need for changing the results of academic research led to stagnation of research. This problem was also the reason for the lack of published works of the Department of Language Studies, which gave the impression that the research activities of Kazan scholars were lagging behind. In general, the author of the presented article proves that the work of the IYALI linguists corresponded to the general trends in the development of Soviet science and was subordinate to the political guidelines of the Communist Party.

At the end of the 20th century, changes took place in the world that forced politicians and scientists to rethink many seemingly established postulates about the laws of social life and about the ways of development of human civilization. The modern development of the social movement among the Tatars of Russia, and especially the national processes in Tatarstan largely repeat the trends in the development of the nation in the pre-Soviet period. The main role in the social movement of nations is played by the activities of the elite aimed at creating political, educational and cultural institutions. The turning point in the history of the Tatar people should be considered the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century. The Tatar ideology was created during the period of rapid development of bourgeois socio-economic relations (especially noticeable among the Tatars of the Volga-Ural region) and the rise of national culture. However, until recently, the sources and works of authors of different times have not been fully studied, although they contain data on the processes of formation of the Tatar social factor and the Tatar nation itself in the context of the development of the Russian community.

The article is devoted to social-cultural transformations in the Russian village, mediated by the modernization processes caused by the participation of Russia in the Great War. The militarization of industry and the mobilization of the rear led to the need to involve women in the production process. This, in its turn, stimulated the increase of the woman authority in traditional social structures. These processes, characteristic of the whole country, affected, among other things, the Muslim settlements of the Middle Volga region. The First World War was a serious social-cultural challenge for the Islamic social enclaves, which experienced a cultural shock in 1916 caused by the influx of carriers of other forms of culture, represented by disabled people, wounded and soldiers on leave, as well as the refugees and evacuees. The obvious result of this cultural expansion was the public and the widespread use of self-made alcoholic beverages at Sabantuy in 1916. This kind of modernization process, characteristic of the broad stratum of the population, has come into some contradiction with the movement of cultural woman emancipation, which in the early 20th century was spread among enlightened Muslims. Ultimately, following the Second Russian Troubles, the conflict between enlightened Islam and the people's modernizations was removed, as the result of the Bolsheviks victory and a radical change in the political and social-cultural situation in the country. ; peer-reviewed

The urgency of the problem under study lies in the fact that the problems of intercultural communication of the peoples of Russia, which were on the agenda during the ХIХth - early XXth centuries, did not lose their relevance in the 21st century. The Volga-Ural region with its multinational and multi-confessional population is of special interest in this respect. The article reveals the significance of the cultural and historical experience of Islamic and Christian culture interaction in the Volga region and the Urals as the most important basis for the development of tolerant relations and the confirmation of the dialogue of cultures at the present stage. It is also stressed that intercultural exchange is the best way to harmonize ethnic-confessional relations. Attention is paid to the theory of intercultural dialogue by N.S. Trubetskoy. The fruitfulness of Trubetskoy's ideas for the development of intercultural dialogue ideas is marked by modern scientists and politicians. The purpose of the article is to show the development of interethnic and interconfessional dialogue of the Volga-Ural region peoples in the process of communication at the household level and in the sphere of education. ; peer-reviewed

The blatant evidence of the rural nature of the way of life in Russia became the reason for the actualization of the agrarian issue in the political projects of the empire, and also gave rise to a significant number of interpreters and projectors in the educated strata of society who labored in the field of rural life "improvement", which, since the time of the Great Reforms, has become a kind of a national hobby, which constituted the trend of the discursive formation of domestic modernization. Liberals and guards, writers and engineers suddenly felt the need to either take (Marx & Engels): ". a significant part of the population from the idiocy of village life", or include (Trotsky) "the peasant in the general system of socialist economy". However, ".a fatal blow to agricultural backwardness, the barbaric isolation of the peasant and the idiocy of village life" was still assumed in the finale (Trotsky).