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ARTICLE VII READS: NOTHING IN THIS TREATY AFFECTS THE RIGHT OF ANY GROUP OF STATES TO CONCLUDE REGIONAL TREATIES IN ORDER TO ASSURE THE TOTAL ABSENCE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THEIR RESPECTIVE TERRITORIES. THIS ARTICLE, WHICH IS WEAK IN THAT IT NEITHER ENCOURAGES NOR DISCOURAGES SUCH REGIONAL TREATIES, IS STRONG ENOUGH TO LINK THE NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY (NPT) WITH THE CONCEPT OF NUCLEAR FREE ZONES. THE TREATY FOR THE PROHIBITION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN LATIN AMERICA, PROHIBITS THE TESTING, USE, MANUFACTURE, PRODUCTION OR ACQUISITION BY ANY MEANS, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AS WELL AS THE RECEIPT, STORAGE, INSTALLATION, DEPLOYMENT AND ANY FORM OF POSSESSION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, BY THE COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA. THE TREATY IS SUPPORTED BY TWO ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS CONTAINING THE OBLIGATIONS OF STATES OUTSIDE THE LATIN AMERICAN NUCLEAR FREE ZONE.

IN THEMID AND LATE 1970S NON-PROLIFERATION CONCERNS FOCUSSED ON FUEL CYCLE TECHNOLOGICS. REPROCESSING AND ENRICHMENT APPEARED TO BE ON THE THRESHOLD OF COMMERCIALISATION, AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THESE TECHNOLOGIES WHICH WOULD PROVIDE DIRECT ACCESS TO FISSILE MATERIALS REPRESENTED AN ESCALATION IN PROLIFERATION HAZARD. A PROTECTED PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTROVERSY CONCLUDED WITH THE RESTRICTION OF THE 'SENSITIVE' TECHNOLOGIES TO A SMALL NUMBER OF ADVANCED STATES. ECONOMIC FACTORS HAVE ALSO PLAYED A PART. THE URANIUM ENRICHMENT MARKET IS AT PRESENT OVER SUPPLIED AND NO NEW SUPPLIERS ARE LIKELY TO APPEAR. THE CONTRACTION IN THE PLANNED GROWTH IN NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION LEAVES THE PRESENT WORLD CAPACITY FOR REPROCESSING ADEQUATE FOR FORESEEABLE FUTURE NEEDS. PLANNED EXPANSION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN DELAYED. DURING THIS PERIOD THE PROLIFERATION POTENTIAL OF THE EXPORT OF REACTORS RECEIVED LESS ATTENTION. THE DOMINANCE OF A SINGLE REACTOR TYPE IN THE EXPORT MARKET LEFT LITTLE SCOPE FOR ANY COMPARISON OF THE PROLIFERATION RESISTANNCE OF REACTORS WHILE THE VARIOUS FUEL CYCLE OPTIONS WERE INVESTIGATED. IN THE PAST TWO YEARS OTHER REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED INTO THE EXPORT MARKET.

Mounting scientific evidence generated over the past decade highlights the significant role of our cities' built environments in shaping our health and well-being. In this book, the authors conceptualize the 'urban health niche' as a novel approach to public health and healthy-city planning that integrates the diverse and multi-level health determinants present in a city system.

As professionals concerned for people with dementia today and dedicated to finding more effective treatment and prevention for dementia tomorrow, we value our membership of the European Union (EU) and are deeply concerned by the prospect of the UK exiting. The EU has made dementia research a priority and has made substantial funds available for research that is driving faster, more effective clinical trials that are our best hope of finding a disease-modifying therapy. With its strong science and translational research base, the UK is making a considerable contribution to these studies.

Parkinson's disease is a complex heterogeneous disorder with urgent need for disease-modifying therapies. Progress in successful therapeutic approaches for PD will require an unprecedented level of collaboration. At a workshop hosted by Parkinson's UK and co-organized by Critical Path Institute's (C-Path) Coalition Against Major Diseases (CAMD) Consortiums, investigators from industry, academia, government and regulatory agencies agreed on the need for sharing of data to enable future success. Government agencies included EMA, FDA, NINDS/NIH and IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative). Emerging discoveries in new biomarkers and genetic endophenotypes are contributing to our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of PD. In parallel there is growing recognition that early intervention will be key for successful treatments aimed at disease modification. At present, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding of disease progression and the many factors that contribute to disease progression heterogeneity. Novel therapeutic targets and trial designs that incorporate existing and new biomarkers to evaluate drug effects independently and in combination are required. The integration of robust clinical data sets is viewed as a powerful approach to hasten medical discovery and therapies, as is being realized across diverse disease conditions employing big data analytics for healthcare. The application of lessons learned from parallel efforts is critical to identify barriers and enable a viable path forward. A roadmap is presented for a regulatory, academic, industry and advocacy driven integrated initiative that aims to facilitate and streamline new drug trials and registrations in Parkinson's disease.