Suchergebnisse

Jean Monet Network EU-China: Comparative experiences and contributions to global governance in the fields of climate change, trade and competition. Co-funded by Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union.

Jean Monet Network EU-China: Comparative experiences and contributions to global governance in the fields of climate change, trade and competition. Co-funded by Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union.

Intro -- Introduction-Rethinking the Global Value Chain (GVC) Theory -- References -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Background of Chinese Enterprises Upgrading -- 1 Chinese Manufacturing is Big and to Be Strong -- 1.1 Processing Trade and Pure Assembly Account for a Large Proportion -- 1.2 Branded Assembly Without a Chinese "Core" -- 1.3 Low Value-Added Parts and Components -- 1.4 Weak Capability and Low Technological Content in Manufacturing Specialized Machinery and Equipment -- 1.5 Joint Venture Manufacturing Aimed at Selling in the China Market -- 1.6 Joint Venture Manufacturing with Self-independent IPRs -- 1.7 Self-independent Manufacturing Based on Imitative Innovation -- 1.8 Self-independent Manufacturing Based on Original Innovation -- 2 Pressure and Background of Enterprise Upgrade -- 2.1 Global Economic Slowdown and European Debt Crisis Affect Exports -- 2.2 The Appreciation of CNY and the Fluctuations the Exchange Rate Increase the Pressure on Export Trade -- 2.3 Both Labour Costs and Raw Material Prices are Rising -- 2.4 Enterprises are in a Passive Situation When Facing Trade Barriers Such as Anti-dumping, and Quality and Environmental Certification -- 2.5 Adjustment in Export Tax Rebate Policy of Processing Trade Affects the Structure of Export Commodities -- 2.6 The Pressure of Environment Protection has Long Existed -- 3 Opportunities and Space for Enterprise Upgrading -- 3.1 From "Made in China" to "Sold in China" -- 3.2 Blurred Industry Boundaries and Cross Industrial Integration -- 3.3 The Huge Space for Enterprise Upgrading in China -- 4 The Importance for China's Traditional Manufacturing Enterprises to Upgrade -- 4.1 Re-examine the Current Situation and Problems of China's Traditional Enterprises Against Multiple Perspectives.

This study investigates the impact of task-induced involvement and time on task on incidental second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition. Utilizing a 3 (task-induced involvement) × 2 (time on task) × 2 (post-test time) research design, three task-induced involvement conditions were employed based on the Involvement Load Hypothesis (ILH): reading and gap-fill task, reading and sentence-making task, and reading and translation task, with corresponding involvement load (IL) indices of 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Two time-on-task conditions were implemented: uncontrolled time on task, where participants in different groups completed tasks with varied durations, and controlled time on task, where participants in different groups completed tasks with roughly equal durations. Five intact classes comprising 256 Chinese middle school students participated and were randomly assigned to one of five designed tasks aimed at learning 10 carefully selected target words. The results of a three-way repeated measures ANOVA indicate a significant three-way interaction effect among task-induced involvement, time on task, and post-test time, as well as a significant two-way interaction effect between task-induced involvement and time on task. These findings demonstrate that task-induced involvement and time on task interact to significantly influence both initial acquisition and retention of incidental L2 vocabulary. Specifically, under uncontrolled time conditions, tasks with higher ILs and longer durations yield better initial vocabulary gains and retention, partially supporting the ILH. Conversely, under controlled time conditions, tasks with lower ILs exhibit superior initial vocabulary gains and retention, contradicting the predictions of the ILH. Relevant implications are also discussed.

AbstractBased on data from the China Labor‐force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), our study examines how geographical remoteness impacts farmers' gift expense burden. Farmers' gift expense burden increases significantly as the distance from the village to the county‐level city increases. Two key mechanisms for more remote rural areas exacerbate farmers' gift expense burden: stronger reliance on neighbours and relatives for assistance and more concentrated authority among local officials. Our research offers new perspectives on disparities in gift expense burden among farmers in developing countries and suggests viable avenues to alleviate their financial strain.

This article describes how one optimal design method is given to the design of missile autopilots. This method profits from an exhaustive method. By this method, the design process of a missile autopilot is simplified, and the design efficiency is improved. In the design process of this method, the performance indexes of autopilot are translated into constraint conditions, and the response speed is translated to an objective function. Thus, the optimal design of missile autopilot is translated into the optimal design of a nonlinear system with multiple constraints. The optimization algorithm is found to be out of controller parameter combinations which can satisfy constrained conditions. Firstly, calculations of the corresponding objective function values. Second, by the extract the optimal combination which has the minimal objective function value.