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This paper decomposes the growth of China's export into three parts: growth in the extensive margin, increased quantity and increased prices; we perform a series of empirical analyses using China's export data at HS-6 digit to analyze the characteristics of China's export growth. From 1995 to 2010, China's export growth was mainly driven by quantity growth with a contribution of 66.81%; but if we divide the time period from 1995 to 2010 into five even phases, we find the three parts of export growth show different trends. The contributions of the extensive margin and price changes are decreasing, but quantity shows an increasing trend. China's export is better than the rest of the world after the financial crisis and in 2008-2010, with a strategy of lowering price and promoting sales in 2009 when facing a slump in export markets; resuming price increases and increasing sales moderately in reaction to improving export conditions in 2010.

This paper analyses the ways in which product fragmentation (producing part of a product in one country, and a part elsewhere) can be used by multinational firms which have different productivity to serve the market abroad when product chains can be internationally and arbitrarily fragmented. Product fragmentation is thus an additional option to serving markets abroad by either horizontal or vertical FDI. Upon opening a market to trade, firms with the lowest productivity will exit, those with intermediate productivity will export, and those with higher productivity will choose fragmentation. Among the latter, the more productive a firm is, the more product chains are allocated abroad. Firms with the highest productivity will choose horizontal FDI. At a sector level, the more prone to fragmentation a sector is, the lower will be the ratio of exports to FDI sales.

Australia has established an excellent national system of disasters management. Disasters management in Australia is characterized by sophisticated ideas of disasters management, strong legislation, solid technical instructions and normal operation, extensive involvements of volunteers and mode of risk management. Based on the above introduction, the author proposes the following points in order to imp rove disasters management in China: strengthening constructions on legislation and organization; enhancing researches on natural hazards and emergency management; using the risk management app roach; concerning with prevention and preparedness; paying more attention to community.

Digital diplomacy is a new form of diplomacy that has emerged along with the development of digital technology. Through a historical comparison of the US, the EU, China, and Russia data cross-border policies, this article shows how with the help of network technology can help China transform from traditional diplomacy to digital diplomacy.

AbstractLimited data have examined the association between air pollution and the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to investigate whether long-term exposure to air pollutants is related to the development of ESRD among patients with T2DM and CKD. A total of 1,738 patients with T2DM and CKD hospitalized in Peking University Third Hospital from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2021 were enrolled in this study. The outcome was defined as the occurrence of ESRD. Data on six air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3) from 35 monitoring stations were obtained from the Beijing Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center. Long-term exposure to air pollutants during the follow-up period was measured using the ordinary Kriging method. During a mean follow-up of 41 months, 98 patients developed ESRD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that an increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 (odds ratio [OR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.36) and PM10 (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.30) concentration were positively associated with ESRD. An increase of 1 mg/m3 in CO (2.80, 1.05–7.48) and an increase of 1 μg/m3 in SO2 (1.06, 1.00–1.13) concentration were also positively associated with ESRD. Apart from O3 and NO2, all the above air pollutants have additional predictive value for ESRD in patients with T2DM and CKD. The results of Bayesian kernel machine regression and the weighted quantile sum regression all showed that PM2.5 was the most important air pollutant. Backward stepwise logistic regression showed that PM2.5 was the only pollutant remaining in the prediction model. In patients with T2DM and CKD, long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5, PM10, CO, and SO2 was positively associated with the development of ESRD.