Suchergebnisse

Esta investigación nace con vocación de ofrecer herramientas teóricas que sirvan para definir, clasificar y analizar el fenómeno de las "candidaturas independientes", con especial atención al caso español. Así, el primer objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un esquema de categorización integral que conecte las contribuciones de diferentes autores a la hora de clasificar en subtipologías realidades diversas derivadas de la categoría general de "candidaturas independientes". El segundo objetivo es presentar evidencias empíricas a partir de las cuales se fundamentan las nuevas posibilidades de estudio de "candidaturas independientes" en la esfera municipal española. Mientras que, finalmente, el tercer objetivo persigue conocer los factores estructurales generales a partir de los cuales se puede comenzar a explicar por qué surge y aumenta en votos la unidad de análisis de la investigación.

Still under the effects of the hangover of the most intense financial and real estate crisis suffered in Spain, which has left on the Spanish coast a badly damaged landscape, its roots are investigated. For this, it is necessary to go back to the origins and the subsequent evolution of the legal framework that regulates in the country the protection of the coast and urban planning. All this in a political and socio-economic context that, as will be seen, has found in urban planning legislation and in the skeletal territorial planning of the coast the necessary complicity for the devastation of a large part of the coastal system. Despite the fact that, in our time, practically all the coastal regions of Spain have some instrument of protection and management of their coasts, their scope is insufficient and inconsistent with the global context of climate change and the growing social demand for a landscape that makes sense from the point of view of its ecological functionality and capacity for social use. ; Aún bajo los efectos de la resaca de la más intensa crisis financiera e inmobiliaria sufrida en España, que ha dejado en las costas españolas un paisaje malherido, se bucea en sus raíces. Para ello se hace necesario remontarse a los orígenes y la posterior evolución del marco legal que regula en la protección del litoral y la planificación urbanística. Todo ello en un contexto político y socio económico que, como se verá, ha encontrado en la legislación urbanística y en la esquelética ordenación territorial la necesaria complicidad para la devastación de una gran parte del sistema litoral. Y es que a pesar de que en nuestros días la práctica totalidad de las regiones litorales de España cuentan con alguna figura de protección y ordenación de sus costas, su alcance es claramente insuficiente e incoherente con el contexto global del cambio climático y la demanda social creciente de un paisaje que tenga sentido desde el punto de vista de su funcionalidad ecológica y capacidad de uso social.

This research aims to reach three goals: (i) unveiling how different women are traversed by intersecting axes of oppression –gender, class, race, age and functional diversity in a context of industrial dismantling and expulsions from the labor market in Zumarraga (Basque Country); (ii) make visible their ways of resistance and (iii) a third objective of a more normative nature which seeks to deactivate situations of vulnerability. In doing so, the study will make use of the heuristic potential offered by the frameworks proposed by Patricia Hill Collins the «matrix of domination», the «domains-of-power» and the «politics of community» articulated as an applied tool of intersectional analysis. Thus, the experiences of 37 residents of Zumarraga and two paticipatory groups have been put in dialogue, both oriented to the activation of their demands to deepen participatory democracy in order to achieve social justice. ; La presente investigación persigue alcanzar tres objetivos: (i) desvelar cómo diferentes mujeres están atravesadas por entrecruzados ejes de opresión de género, clase, raza, edad y/o movilidad en un contexto de desmantelamiento industrial y de expulsiones en el mercado de trabajo asalariado en Zumarraga (País Vasco); (ii) visibilizar sus formas de resistencia y (iii) un tercer objetivo de carácter más normativo que busca desactivar situaciones de vulnerabilidad. Para ello, el estudio hará uso de las potencialidades heurísticas que ofrecen los marcos propuestos por Patricia Hill Collins la «matriz de dominación», los «ámbitos de poder» y las «políticas de comunidad» planteados de forma articulada como herramienta de análisis interseccional aplicado. Bajo este enfoque, se han puesto en diálogo las experiencias vivenciales de 37 vecinas y vecinos de Zumarraga y los resultados de dos talleres participativos con mujeres, orientados a activar sus demandas en aras de profundizar la democracia participativa en términos de justicia social.

La presente investigación persigue alcanzar tres objetivos: (i) desvelar cómo diferentes mujeres están atravesadas por entrecruzados ejes de opresión de género, clase, raza, edad y/o movilidad en un contexto de desmantelamiento industrial y de expulsiones en el mercado de trabajo asalariado en Zumarraga (País Vasco); (ii) visibilizar sus formas de resistencia y (iii) un tercer objetivo de carácter más normativo que busca desactivar situaciones de vulnerabilidad. Para ello, el estudio hará uso de las potencialidades heurísticas que ofrecen los marcos propuestos por Patricia Hill Collins la «matriz de dominación», los «ámbitos de poder» y las «políticas de comunidad» planteados de forma articulada como herramienta de análisis interseccional aplicado. Bajo este enfoque, se han puesto en diálogo las experiencias vivenciales de 37 vecinas y vecinos de Zumarraga y los resultados de dos talleres participativos con mujeres, orientados a activar sus demandas en aras de profundizar la democracia participativa en términos de justicia social. ; This research aims to reach three goals: (i) unveiling how different women are traversed by intersecting axes of oppression –gender, class, race, age and functional diversity in a context of industrial dismantling and expulsions from the labor market in Zumarraga (Basque Country); (ii) make visible their ways of resistance and (iii) a third objective of a more normative nature which seeks to deactivate situations of vulnerability. In doing so, the study will make use of the heuristic potential offered by the frameworks proposed by Patricia Hill Collins the «matrix of domination», the «domains-of-power» and the «politics of community» articulated as an applied tool of intersectional analysis. Thus, the experiences of 37 residents of Zumarraga and two paticipatory groups have been put in dialogue, both oriented to the activation of their demands to deepen participatory democracy in order to achieve social justice. ; Esta investigación ha sido financiada por el Ayuntamiento de Zumarraga (Guipúzcoa, País Vasco).

Desde un punto de vista teórico y exploratorio, este estudio revisita el concepto de rendición de cuentas (accountability) con el fin de profundizar la democracia a través de innovaciones democráticas. En tal re-conceptualización, la accountability tendría como objeto redefinir el poder de la autoridad y como objetivo conectarla con una base de legitimidad emanada desde la propia ciudadanía. En lo que respecta a los mecanismos de innovación democrática, analizamos tres de ellos inspirados en posturas teóricas dentro del modelo de democracia participativa: el presupuesto participativo, los mecanismos propios de desarrollo comunitario y espacios basados en la democracia de proximidad. Considerando que la accountability es afectada y afecta las prácticas de innovación democrática, se ha tratado de explicar los factores que influyen la eficiencia de aquella y delimitan el potencial de estas. En ese sentido, se han contextualizado tres situaciones de asimetría de poder - variable poco estudiada hasta ahora en la teoría de la accountability-; y que se configuran como determinantes para llevar a cabo experiencias de innovación democrática. ; From a theoretical and exploratory point of view, this article examines the concept of accountability in order to deepen democracy through democratic innovations. In this re-conceptualization, accountability core object consist of restraining authority, while its objective or horizon seeks to expand the basis of legitimacy from the citizenry. When it comes to mechanisms of democratic innovation, three theoretical positions inspired by the model of participatory democracy are analyzed: participatory budgeting, mechanisms reflected in the Plan of Community Development and spaces based on proximity democracy. Considering that the idea of accountability is affected and affects the practices of democratic innovations, this work has tried to explain which factors influence its efficiency and demarcate their potential. In this sense, three situations of power asymmetry have been contextualized -a variable which has been less studied in the theory of accountability-; and which would be determinant when it comes to carrying out experiences of democratic innovation.

En las últimas décadas es cada vez más frecuente la incorporación de los principios y aspectos relacionados con el desarrollo sostenible en los procesos, actividades y funciones de los negocios, así como su integración a los sistemas y modelos de gestión empresarial. La presente investigación propone una metodología para contribuir a la sostenibilidad de las organizaciones desde la gestión estratégica. La implementación de la metodología permite diagnosticar y diseñar el rumbo estratégico para la sostenibilidad, priorizar y clasificar procesos relevantes, diseñar programas de ética y de cumplimiento normativo sobre la base de los riesgos y los valores compartidos, contribuyendo a la mejora del nivel de sostenibilidad. Los resultados muestran una tendencia al aumento del nivel de sostenibilidad en la organización objeto de estudio, así como una mejora en el comportamiento de los factores críticos de éxito e indicadores al comparar los valores del periodo inicial con respecto al tercer periodo evaluado. En el caso de las dimensiones en la organización, la mejor evaluada es la económica; sin embargo, los resultados de las dimensiones social y ecológica presentan una situación menos favorable, por lo que futuras investigaciones deberán estar dirigidas a analizar estas dimensiones y generalizar esta investigación a otras organizaciones.

A new concept of a nebulizer (i.e., multinebulizer) has been employed for trace element (e.g., Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) determination in marine biota samples (e.g., fish sample). To this end, an analytical methodology based on the combination of a multinebulizer with an isotope dilution (ID) calibration strategy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been proposed. In this way, the on-line isotope dilution (OID) is accomplished by the simultaneous introduction of the liquid samples/standard and the isotopic reference solution (i.e., spike) into the plasma with an efficient mixing between them, which takes place at the inner cavity of the multinebulizer tip. The proposed OID-ICP-MS analytical methodology allows the fast determination of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in a biota sample certified reference material (CRM) (e.g., IAEA-476) with limits of detection of 0.006, 0.4, 0.09, 30, 0.2 and 4 ng g−1, respectively, and recovery values ranging from 97 to 103%. The primary advantage offered by the proposed analytical methodology is that the time-consuming spiking step in the conventional ID analysis is avoided. This yields savings in both the total time and cost of the analysis per sample. Hence, it has been proved that OID-ICP-MS using a multinebulizer is a promising solution for the trace element analysis of samples with a high matrix content, which simplifies operation and significantly increases sample throughput and productivity. ; The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (Project no. CTQ2016-79991-R, AEI/FEDER,UE) for the financial support, the Vice-Rectorate for Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante for the funds to cover the expenses of the use of Research Technical Services (UAUST119-05), and Ingeniatrics for the MultiNeb® provided. The IAEA is grateful for the support provided to its Environment Laboratories by the Government of the Principality of Monaco.

Desde finales de la década de 1950 aparecen movimientos de la sociedad civil y la academia que han cuestionado el modelo de industrialización y desarrollo. En el área de los negocios se observa una incorporación cada vez mayor de elementos de Desarrollo Sustentable. En este trabajo se siguió el método de estudio de caso; a partir de un proceso de incorporación con las familias de los productores rurales se buscó detectar sus necesidades y conocer la forma en la que impactan sus actividades en los aspectos económicos, sociales y ambientales. Con esta base, y considerando el contexto local, se identifican las bases teóricas y prácticas para proponer un modelo de gestión sustentable adecuado a las unidades familiares rurales. El modelo incorpora buenas prácticas, así como herramientas y estrategias viables. La implementación del desarrollo sustentable puede implicar cambios significativos en las estructuras mentales establecidas, principalmente en el nivel de los pequeños productores y del consumidor final.

12 pages, 2 tables, 3 figures.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms ; A realistic description of the variability in bacterial growth and division is critical to produce reliable predictions of safety risks along the food chain. Individual-based modeling of bacteria provides the theoretical framework to deal with this variability, but it requires information about the individual behavior of bacteria inside populations. In this work, we overcome this problem by estimating the individual behavior of bacteria from population statistics obtained with flow cytometry. For this objective, a stochastic individual-based modeling framework is defined based on standard assumptions during division and exponential growth. The unknown single-cell parameters required for running the individual-based modeling simulations, such as cell size growth rate, are estimated from the flow cytometry data. Instead of using directly the individual-based model, we make use of a modified Fokker-Plank equation. This only equation simulates the population statistics in function of the unknown single-cell parameters.We test the validity of the approach by modeling the growth and division of Pediococcus acidilactici within the exponential phase. Estimations reveal the statistics of cell growth and division using only data from flow cytometry at a given time. From the relationship between the mother and daughter volumes, we also predict that P. acidilactici divide into two successive parallel planes ; The authors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Government (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the projects "RESISTANCE" (DPI2014-54085-JIN) and "IMPROWINE" (AGL2015-67504-C3-2-R) and from the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) for the project PIE 201230E042. We also acknowledge funds received from the Axencia Galega de Investigación (GAIN) ; Peer reviewed

In this work, we present a library of software units for the simulation, optimisation and control of thermal processes in the food industry. The Ecosimpro© environment has been selected as the programming tool. The reason is twofold: On the one hand it allows working with hybrid systems as it is the case of food processing plants and, on the other hand it is equipped with a graphical user interface (GUI) which allows users to handle models in an intuitive way (by means of icons). Although this work is focused on processes of the canned food industry, new units dealing with other processes can be added without modifying the existing. Finally, the models have been validated in a pilot plant installed at the IIIM-CSIC. ; The authors acknowledge financial support received from the Spanish Government (MEC Projects PTR1995-0884-OP-02-01 & DPI2004-07444-C04-03) and SUPERA contract. ; Peer reviewed

14 páginas, 2 tablas, 9 figuras, 2 apéndices ; The dissipative nature of spatially distributed process systems is exploited to develop efficient exponential state observers based on a low-dimensional dynamic representation of the original set of partial differential equations. The suggested approach combines standard observer design techniques for reactors, where the reaction rates are unknown with efficient model reduction methodologies based on projection of the original concentration and temperature fields on low-dimensional subspaces capturing the slow dynamics of the process. The global exponential stability of the resulting observer is derived combining classical Lyapunov analysis with a transformation that allows us to obtain a diffusion system from a diffusion-convection system. In addition, aspects related to the location of sensors and their influence on the ability to reconstruct the necessary fields to feed the observer will also be considered ; The authors acknowledge financial support received from the Spanish Government (MCyT Projects PPQ2001-3643 and DPI2004-07444-C04-03) and Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT02-PXIC40209PN) ; Peer reviewed

10 páginas, 8 figuras, 2 tablas ; In this article, we develop a systematic approach for efficient field reconstruction in distributed process systems from a limited number of measurements. The approach generalizes previous methods for sensor placement so as to be able to handle field reconstruction problems in arbitrary spatial domains where complex nonlinear phenomena take place. Pattern formation in fluid dynamics or diffusion-reaction systems are examples exhibiting complex nonlinear distributed behaviors, especially when taking place in arbitrary 2D or 3D domains. Our approach exploits the dissipative nature of the diffusion-convection process and the underlying algebraic structure of the finite element method to efficiently construct field representations in terms of globally defined basis functions and to optimally select the placement of sensors. The results will be illustrated on a fluid dynamic process: the Rayleigh−Bénard problem ; The authors acknowledge financial support received from the Spanish Government (DPI2004-07444-C04-03) and Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT02-PXIC40209PN). ; Peer reviewed

12 páginas, 6 figuras, 1 tabla ; Many phenomena such as neuron firing in the brain, the travelling waves which produce the heartbeat, arrythmia and fibrillation in the heart, catalytic reactions or cellular organization activities, among others, can be described by a unifying paradigm based on a class of nonlinear reaction–diffusion mechanisms. The FitzHugh–Nagumo (FHN) model is a simplified version of such class which is known to capture most of the qualitative dynamic features found in the spatiotemporal signals. In this paper, we take advantage of the dissipative nature of diffusion–reaction systems and results in finite dimensional nonlinear control theory to develop a class of nonlinear feedback controllers which is able to ensure stabilization of moving fronts for the FHN system, despite structural or parametric uncertainty. In the context of heart or neuron activity, this class of control laws is expected to prevent cardiac or neurological disorders connected with spatiotemporal wave disruptions. In the same way, biochemical or cellular organization related with certain functional aspects of life could also be influenced or controlled by the same feedback logic. The stability and robustness properties of the controller will be proved theoretically and illustrated on simulation experiments ; The authors acknowledge financial support received from the Spanish Government (MCyT Projects PPQ2001- 3643 & DPI2004-07444-C04-03) and Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT02-PXIC40209PN). ; Peer reviewed

The migration from Mexico to the United States of people who come from indigenous original communities as well as their return to the place of origin has been scarcely studied, especially from the perspective of the experiences shared by older adults. That is why, this article aims to describe the experience of migration to the United States and return to Mexico, as well as the psychological and cultural adaptation processes of older adults who are originally from the Oaxacan Mixteca. The study was qualitative with a descriptive level. Seven older adults, six men and one woman, with an age range between 71 and 75 years old, who are returned migrants from the municipality of San Miguel Tlacotepec, Oaxaca, in Mexico, were intentionally invited to participate. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the support of an interview guide with 52 questions. Participants migrated at different stages of the life cycle. The migratory experience was more satisfactory for the women than for the participating men. They migrated speaking Mixtec and not knowing how to speak Spanish and English. They returned with a greater ability of speaking Spanish and without speaking English. They reported experiences of discrimination in the United States by other Mexican, given their difficulties in communicating in Spanish. On their return, they returned to work in the fields and only one of them to work making handicrafts. They did not participate in hometown organizations or migrant clubs. And they do not know about Programa Bracero. The emotions of sadness and anger were the most frequent while they lived in USA. The financial sacrifices to send as much money as possible to the family were frequently reported. It is necessary to continue giving spaces for analysis and conversation to social groups whose participation in the migration process has not been visible, about which it is necessary to deepen knowledge, such as older adults, who come from indigenous and rural contexts. The gender implications of migration are particularly relevant to broaden future analysis