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Para comprender la realidad jurídica actual, resulta necesario conocer y partir de la historia jurídica constitucional existente en nuestro país. Tras ese acervo, se llega a la Constitución Española, con una transición a la democracia absolutamente ejemplar y espejo para otros países con realidades políticas similares a la española. Fruto de esa transición, se aprobó la actual y vigente Constitución Española de 1978. Para con la regulación de este Derecho de libertad religiosa, en la propia Constitución se han establecido varios principios, que actúan como elementos rectores, se trata de limitaciones a los poderes públicos, de establecer linderos y garantías que no se puede traspasar a la hora de regular este Derecho que ya han sido objeto de atención en este manual para el estudio de esta disciplina. ; Derecho canónico

La Conferencia Episcopal Española ha cumplido cincuenta años, con motivo de este aniversario se analizan las relaciones de cooperación que ha venido manteniendo la Iglesia Católica en España con el Estado español. La Conferencia Episcopal ha desarrollado toda la interlocución en varios niveles: en el internacional, en el de Estado central y en el autonómico en menor medida. Se analizan los principales documentos jurídicos que hacen referencia al principio de cooperación elaborados desde la Santa Sede, desde la Conferencia Episcopal y desde el Estado español. Posteriormente se analiza el estatuto jurídico de la Conferencia Episcopal y se desciende a la creación y funcionamiento de las diversas comisiones mixtas, paritarias o políticas que se han ido creando a tal efecto. Se contiene un examen completo de toda la actividad que ha permitido desarrollar el principio de cooperación durante cincuenta años en España. ; The Spanish Episcopal Conference is now fifty years old, and to mark this anniversary the paper analyses the cooperation relations between the Catholic Church in Spain and the Spanish State. The Episcopal Conference has carried out the entire conversation at several levels: at international, at central State and, to a lesser extent, at the autonomous communities. The analysis covers main legal documents referring to the principle of cooperation that were produced by the Holy See, the Episcopal Conference and the Spanish State. The paper then goes on to analyse the legal statute of the Episcopal Conference, followed by the creation and operation of the various commissions - mixed, with parity of representation and political - set up for this purpose. This is a full examination of all the activity that the principle of cooperation has allowed to take place in Spain over the course of fifty years. ; Derecho canónico

El Derecho no es ajeno a la presencia del fenómeno religioso en nuestra sociedad. En este volumen se ha querido dar una visión completa e innovadora del tratamiento jurídico que recibe el ejercicio del derecho fundamental de libertad religiosa en el espacio público en sus diferentes manifestaciones tanto de carácter individual como colectivo. En esta obra los distintos autores estudian y desarrollan no solo las materias típicas de un Manual de Derecho Eclesiástico del Estado, sino que se incorporan también nuevos temas que han ido adquiriendo protagonismo en la actual sociedad multirreligiosa en la que vivimos y a los que el Derecho ha de dar respuesta. De esta forma, junto con el análisis de las relaciones entre el Estado y las Confesiones religiosas, la regulación de la libertad religiosa en el ámbito internacional, los principios y fuentes del Derecho Eclesiástico español, el contenido y desarrollo legislativo del derecho fundamental de libertad religiosa y los Acuerdos de cooperación con las distintas Confesiones o la posición jurídica de las minorías; el tratamiento jurídico que recibe el aspecto religioso en el ámbito del deporte; la conexión entre la libertad religiosa y el ámbito de la seguridad pública; las prescripciones alimentarias por motivos religiosos; la relación de trabajo en las empresas con tendencia o ideológicas; bioderecho y religión; los delitos de odio por motivos religiosos; las protección penal de los sentimientos religiosos; extranjería e inmigración religiosa; o el impacto de la simbología religiosa en el espacio público, son algunos de los temas que se tratan en este libro. En definitiva, se aporta al lector una visión moderna e innovadora del tratamiento jurídico de la religión que permite conocer la trascendencia que presenta esta temática dentro del ordenamiento jurídico, poniendo de relieve los valores de tolerancia y respecto que representan las Confesiones religiosas. ; Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir ; Derecho canónico

Force microscopy enables a variety of approaches to manipulate and/or modify surfaces. Few of those methods have evolved into advanced probe-based lithographies. Oxidation scanning probe lithography (o-SPL) is the only lithography that enables the direct and resist-less nanoscale patterning of a large variety of materials, from metals to semiconductors; from self-assembled monolayers to biomolecules. Oxidation SPL has also been applied to develop sophisticated electronic and nanomechanical devices such as quantum dots, quantum point contacts, nanowire transistors or mechanical resonators. Here, we review the principles, instrumentation aspects and some device applications of o-SPL. Our focus is to provide a balanced view of the method that introduces the key steps in its evolution, provides some detailed explanations on its fundamentals and presents current trends and applications. To illustrate the capabilities and potential of o-SPL as an alternative lithography we have favored the most recent and updated contributions in nanopatterning and device fabrication. ; This work was funded by the European Union FP7/2007-2013 under Grant Agreement No. 318804 (SNM) and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain) under grants MAT2013-44858-R, MAT2015-69725-REDT and MAT2016-76507-R. ; Peer reviewed

Amplitude-modulation (tapping mode) atomic force microscopy is a technique for high resolution imaging of a wide variety of surfaces in air and liquid environments. Here by using the virial theorem and energy conservation principles we have derived analytical relationships between the oscillation amplitude, phase shift, and average tip-surface forces. We find that the average value of the interaction force and oscillation and the average power dissipated by the tip-surface interaction are the quantities that control the amplitude reduction. The agreement obtained between analytical and numerical results supports the analytical method. ; This work has been supported by the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (PB98-0471) and the European Union (BICEPS, BIO4-CT-2112). A. S. P. acknowledges financial support from the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. ; Peer reviewed

We discuss the stability of the tip motion in dynamic atomic force microscopy. A nonlinear dynamics analysis shows that the tip's phase space is divided in two basins of attraction. A phase space diagram dominated by either basin of attraction implies a stable motion while a substantial contribution from both basins is associated with instabilities. Because the dominance of a given basin of attraction depends on the tip-surface interaction potential and separation, stable and unstable motions are intrinsic features of an oscillating tip near or in intermittent contact with a surface. ; This work has been supported by the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (PB98-0471) and the European Union (BICEPS, BIO4-CT-2112). A.S.P. acknowledges financial support from the Comunidad de Madrid. ; Peer reviewed

Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI:10.1039/c9nr04396a ; [EN] Quantitative mapping of viscoelastic properties of soft matter with a nanoscale spatial resolution is an active and relevant research topic in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoscale science characterization. The AFM has demonstrated its accuracy to measure the energy dissipated on a sample surface with an atomic-scale resolution. However, the transformation of energy dissipation values associated with viscoelastic interactions to a material property remains very challenging. A key issue is to establish the relationship between the AFM observables and some material properties such as viscosity coefficient or relaxation time. Another relevant issue is to determine the accuracy of the measurements. We demonstrate that bimodal atomic force microscopy enables the accurate measurement of several viscoelastic parameters such as the Young's modulus, viscosity coefficient, retardation time or loss tangent. The parameters mentioned above are measured at the same time that the true topography. We demonstrate that the loss tangent is proportional to the viscosity coefficient. We show that the mapping of viscoelastic properties neither degrades the spatial resolution nor the imaging speed of AFM. The results are presented for homogeneous polymer and block co-polymer samples with Young's modulus, viscosity and retardation times ranging from 100 MPa to 3 GPa, 10 to 400 Pa s and 50 to 400 ns, respectively. Numerical simulations validate the accuracy of bimodal AFM to determine the viscoelastic parameters. ; European Research Council ERC–AdG–340177 (3DNanoMech) and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad for grants CSD2010-00024 and MAT2016-76507-R. This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 721874 (SPM2.0). The fellowship FPU15/04622 from the Ministerio de Educación. ; Peer reviewed

This is an Open Access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. ; The peak forces exerted on soft and rigid samples by a force microscope have been modeled by performing numerical simulations of the tip motion in liquid. The forces are obtained by using two contact mechanics models, Hertz and Tatara. We present a comparison between the numerical simulations and three analytical models for a wide variety of probe and operational parameters. In general, the forces derived from analytical expressions are not in good quantitative agreement with the simulations when the Young modulus and the set-point amplitude are varied. The only exception is the parametrized approximation that matches the results given by Hertz contact mechanics for soft materials and small free amplitudes. We also study the elastic deformation of the sample as a function of the imaging conditions for materials with a Young modulus between 25 MPa and 2 GPa. High lateral resolution images are predicted by using both small free amplitudes (less than 2 nm for soft materials) and high set-point amplitudes. © 2013 Guzman and Garcia. ; This work was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Consolider Force-For-Future, CSD2010-00024, MAT2009-08650) and European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under grant agreement no. 280772, project iONE-FP7 and the Cost Action TD1002. ; Peer Reviewed

The electronic properties of thin layer transition metal dichalcogenides have raised considerable interest in the fabrication of advanced field-effect transistors and ultrasensitive sensors. Downscaling those devices to the nanoscale depends on the development of cost-effective and robust alternative nanolithographies. Here we demonstrate the direct, resist-less and reproducible nanopatterning of tungsten diselenide thin layers. By using oxidation scanning probe lithography (o-SPL) we have generated arrays of dots with a width of 13 nm and periodicity of 40 nm. We have also patterned a point contact of 35 nm and a nanoscale field-effect transistor. The direct and resistless fabrication of WSe2 nanoscale devices by oxidation scanning probe lithography opens a straightforward and reliable method for processing transition metal dichalcogenides materials. ; This work was funded by the European Union FP7/2007-2013 under Grant Agreement No. 318804 (SNM) and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain) under Grant No. MAT2013-44858-R. ; Peer reviewed

Silicon nanowires are key elements to fabricate very sensitive mechanical and electronic devices. We provide a method to fabricate sub-12 nm silicon nanowires in thickness by combining oxidation scanning probe lithography and anisotropic dry etching. Extremely thin oxide masks (0.3-1.1 nm) are transferred into nanowires of 2-12 nm in thickness. The width ratio between the mask and the silicon nanowire is close to one which implies that the nanowire width is controlled by the feature size of the nanolithography. This method enables the fabrication of very small single silicon nanowires with cross-sections below 100 nm2. Those values are the smallest obtained with a top-down lithography method. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. ; This work was funded by the European Union FP7/2007-2013 under Grant Agreement No. 318804 (SNM). ; Peer Reviewed

[EN] Fast, high resolution and wide elastic modulus range mapping of heterogeneous interfaces represents a major goal of atomic force microscopy (AFM). This goal becomes more challenging when the nanomechanical mapping involves biomolecules in their native environment. Over the years, several AFM-based methods have been developed to address that goal. However, none of those methods combine sub-nanometer spatial resolution, quantitative accuracy, fast data acquisition speed, wide elastic modulus range and operation in physiological solutions. Here we present detailed protocols to generate high resolution maps of the elastic properties of biomolecules and polymers by using bimodal AFM. The method is fast because the elastic modulus, deformation and topography images are obtained simultaneously. The method is efficient because just a single data point per pixel is needed to generate the above images. In addition, by knowing the deformation, bimodal AFM enables to reconstruct the true topography of the surface. ; European Research Council (ERC–AdG–340177; 3DNanoMech) and grants CSD201000024 and MAT2016-76507-R from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. This work received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement 721874 (SPM2.0). We also acknowledge fellowships FPU15/04622 (C.A.A.) and BES-2017-081907 (V.G.G.) from the Ministerio de Educación. ; Peer reviewed