Suchergebnisse

Development financing is not distinct from any other topic discussed in this section of the Brown Journal of World Affairs. There is a global level of financial institutions represented by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, as well as major regional financial institutions like the Inter-American Development Bank or the Asian Development Bank, and sub-regional financial institutions like the Andean Development Corporation (CAF), the Latin American Reserve Fund, and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration. These regional organizations have, in general, different philosophies, shareholder bases, governance structures, and scope. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of these organizations in financing the development of the Andean region. (InWent/GIGA)

Comparison of local governments in federal systems helps design new policies. In particular, this study presents federal asymmetries of state and municipal governments in Latin American countries. To this end, the hypothesis states that nations with more symmetry would have greater governance within the federal pact. The study includes the social, political, constitutional, and economic subjects as main variables applied to the cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. The analysis is supported by coefficients and graphs to aid the multidisciplinary approach. The results show that Brazil is the most asymmetric nation and Mexico the most centralized.

Under the reform of article 1 of the Federal Constitution (June 10, 2011), all government authorities have the obligation to respect human rights. The main inquiry of this essay is whether the Executive can, ex officio, revoke administrative acts for violations of human rights or stop enforcing a law it deems unconstitutional. Following this line of inquiry, for the purposes of this essay, the hypothesis is affirmative. The first part of this work analyzes several techniques and their comprehensive interpretation. Doctrine and comparative law are used to frame the issue. The second part consists of a constitutional analysis of article one under several legal interpretation theories to obtain preliminary results. The third part focuses particularly on revocation in the Administrative Procedure Act and the Mexican Federal Tax Code, in addition to relevant case law. Lastly, it is concluded that, in certain cases involving legal certainty, revocation can apply; however, refusal to enforce a law deemed unconstitutional cannot.

While it is painfully clear that the 'ever closer' monetary and financial union in the EU has run into serious trouble there has been very little study of the degree to which the countries have become similar or different in their economic growth dynamics. This paper therefore goes beyond the traditional convergence literature to look at their dynamic convergence and explore the path of their changing similarity in the frequency domain. The results show that while a core group of countries may be developing together, there appears to be at least seven identifiable groups of countries with different growth dynamics. Greece appears to be in a class on its own. Business cycles are important but longer-term trends and higher frequency fluctuations all have a role to play in facilitating adjustment. These results provide awkward implications for policy, particularly for those who thought that simply having a union would draw countries closer together (endogenous OCA criteria).

Background: The Japanese term hikikomori means literally 'to be confined'. Social withdrawal can be present in severe psychiatric disorders; however, in Japan, hikikomori is a defined nosologic entity. There have been only a few reported cases in occidental culture. Material: We present a case report of a Spanish man with prolonged social withdrawal lasting for 4 years. Discussion: This is a case of prolonged social withdrawal not bound to culture, as well as the second case of hikikomori reported in Spain. We propose prolonged social withdrawal disorder as a disorder not linked to culture, in contrast to hikikomori. Conclusion: Further documentation of this disorder is still needed to encompass all cases reported in Japan and around the world.