Suchergebnisse

The evolution of Spain towards a real democratic system, beyond economic considerations, cannot omit the importance of building a real civic culture. Generating civic virtues is directly linked to the establishment of associative networks. There are a variety of reasons why voluntary associations play an important role as explanatory variables in order to understand the generation of social capital and civic virtue among individuals, and therefore to broaden civil society and to improve the quality of political culture. We will distinguish three main types of political culture variables: trust, politicisation and sociopolitical involvement. The database of the European Social Survey 2002-2003 will be used as the main statistical source for a comparative analysis among four Southern European countries (Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece), taking Spain as the reference country. Adapted from the source document.

The current article presents, as the main goal, a description of the specific involvement of women in voluntary organizations in Spain during the last years. The potentially different inclusion of them when comparing with men, as well as the female concentration on characterized types of associations will be underlined. Moreover, and beyond that, we show a general description of how women are connecting to civil society and civic life in Spain. In this sense, we analyze different variables as the importance of being engaged in voluntary organizations, the knowledge of participatory channels or the level of interest to be part of a voluntary association. In addition, we offer a comparative perspective of women volunteering regarding to other forms of conventional and non-conventional socio-political engagement. Adapted from the source document.

Since the Industrial Revolution mankind has needed to deal with increasing air pollution problems as a result of manufacturing, mining, transportation, and power production. Air pollution concerns the interaction of gases and particles emitted into the atmosphere with the surrounding environment. This interaction can redirect pollutants toward sensitive areas, concentrate different species above acceptable levels, or even mitigate concentration levels by enhancing diffusion and dispersion. The present EU environmental legislation has been implemented to control these high pollutant concentrations and improve the air quality conditions in urban areas. The numerical simulation of dispersion has shown to be a useful tool for both the scientific description of pollution phenomena and for planning and decision making. The numerical simulation of pollution dispersion in urban environments by means of solution of the statistically steady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations is known to be strongly dependent on turbulence models. If pollution dispersion is modelled, the turbulence models do not only have to be used for the Reynolds stresses, but also for the turbulent scalar fluxes. While the influence of several turbulence models for Reynolds stresses on pollution dispersion in urban environments has already been examined several times, the turbulent scalar fluxes are usually modelled by the simple gradient diffusion assumption. In the present work, the influence of more advanced models for the turbulent scalar fluxes on the dispersion of pollutants is examined. Two different wind tunnel experiments, a two-dimensional (2D) street canyon and a three-dimensional (3D) urban area model, were selected for the validation of the models' performance. In total, five anisotropic algebraic flux models and two second moment models were implemented in the commercial software FLUENT 6.3. All these models together with the simple gradient diffusion model (with different turbulent Schmidt numbers) are used and the results are compared with measurements using statistical performance measures to assess their predictive capability. All evaluated models showed good general agreement in comparison to the experiments. The anisotropic models provided better concentration predictions than the isotropic models in 2D simulations. However, these improvements were very small in 3D simulations and usually disappeared. In the end, modelling improvements based on the sensitivity analysis of model coefficients, numerical and experimental model limitations and other parameters and assumptions relevant for the simulation of passive scalar pollution dispersion are presented and discussed.

"In the context of the debates on the present and future role of the EU in a globalized world, in this chapter we focus on the prospects for a common EU foreign policy as conditioned by the attitudes of elites and public opinion within the enlarged EU. The main objective is to investigate the patterns of support for the European integration project in the area of foreign, defense and security policy. We analyze the data from a cross-national survey among elites and citizens across Europe, and test explanatory models which provide us with valuable information on what factors drive elite and public opinion attitudes on the issue of a common European foreign policy, controlling for the possible difference between new and old EU member states." (publisher's description)

A Educação Física enquanto área de conhecimento se fixa e instaura a partir de modelos sexistas, generificados e generificadores, demarcados por diferenças e desigualdades de gênero e (re)produtores dessas diferenças. Este estudo pretendeu compreender a dinâmica de relações entre as masculinidades durante a formação superior de Educação Física. Perguntamos: as várias formas de masculinidades seccionam sujeitos, possibilitam ou renegam direitos e deveres diferentes de acordo com suas performatividades? Para alcançar esse objetivo, nos apropriamos da abordagem qualitativa, de tipo etnográfico, para observar quatro disciplinas obrigatórias, de 60 horas, do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física durante um período acadêmico. Como resultados, pudemos denotar que as masculinidades próximas da hegemônica contornam homens cis-heterossexuais de maiores possibilidades e poderes, estabelecendo-se em um jogo de hierarquias que ridiculariza, menospreza e objetifica mulheres e outras identidades de gênero e sexualidades, o que pode vir a ser replicado durante a atuação profissional desses/as professores/as.

This work aimed to analyze the statements of six bills of law filed in national Legislative Assemblies that aim at regulating the participation of trans athletes in Brazilian sports, more specifically what fundamentalist bases are used by the deputy authors to position themselves axiologically about the theme. Methodologically, we analyze our material according to the document analysis technique. As a result, we could see that all projects are based on purely biological aspects about sexes, current theoretical and conceptual weaknesses in gender and sexuality identifications and expressions, and propose exclusionary and/or vexing alternatives to the public of trans athletes that want to compete in Brazil. Also, they do not have bibliographic indications for the conclusive statements to which they signal. Finally, we hope that this research becomes another powerful opportunity to question the rules that permeate the legislative sphere of/in Brazilian sport and, thus, revitalize it in the light of the basic principles of our Constitution. ; O presente trabalho objetivou analisar os enunciados de seis Projetos de Lei protocolados em Assembleias Legislativas nacionais que visam regulamentar a participação de atletas trans no esporte brasileiro, mais especificamente quais as bases fundamentalistas utilizadas pelos deputados autores para se posicionarem axiologicamente acerca da temática. Metodologicamente, analisamos nosso material de acordo com a técnica de análise documental. Como resultados, pudemos constatar que todos os projetos se alicerçam em aspectos unicamente biológicos sobre os sexos, apresentam fragilidades teórico-conceituais sobre as identificações e expressões de gênero e sexualidades, propõem como solução esportiva alternativas excludentes e/ou vexatórias ao público de atletas trans que queiram competir no Brasil e não apresentam indicações bibliográficas para as afirmações conclusivas í s quais sinalizam. Por fim, desejamos que a presente pesquisa se torne mais uma potente oportunidade de questionar ...