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Abridged English version of the lecture delivered by the president of Peru in Rome, on 11 november 1985, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of FAO. He shows with many examples how the history of Peru, from the time of colonisation to the present day, bears the features of structural imbalances, mass poverty, alienation and dependence. What is now called for is a multidimensional revolution, starting from an autochthonous food model and including national self-reliance, decentralization, social justice and the reaffirmation of the society's cultural identity. Such policies require the good use of internal financial resources; this is why Peru has decided to limit to 10% of its export earnings the service of its debt and to reject the dictates of the IMF

"The 21St century has begun with a complex international scenario of interdependence in all levels: economic, politic and cultural among others. In order to cope with this reality, institutions must react and create strategies which allow them to overcome the challenges of the knowledge societies and its requirements. Higher education institutions (HEI's) are not the exception, the demands for a better quality education and more qualified manpower has forced them to implement strategies in order to gain visibility, recognitian and provide the students of competitive services. Internationalisation an international cooperation are useful instruments to achieve this goals. The way in which an institution operates this instruments depends on the historical path, the national and international context and the aims of the university. In this work we study the historical path, the national and international context and the characteristics of the National University of Mexico as an important HEI, in order to find out the particularities of its internationalisation process and the management of the international cooperation. The case study is focused in the General Direction of lnternational Affairs and its work to implement the internationalisation process in the University."

"The 21St century has begun with a complex international scenario of interdependence in all levels: economic, politic and cultural among others. In order to cope with this reality, institutions must react and create strategies which allow them to overcome the challenges of the knowledge societies and its requirements. Higher education institutions (HEI's) are not the exception, the demands for a better quality education and more qualified manpower has forced them to implement strategies in order to gain visibility, recognitian and provide the students of competitive services. Internationalisation an international cooperation are useful instruments to achieve this goals. The way in which an institution operates this instruments depends on the historical path, the national and international context and the aims of the university. In this work we study the historical path, the national and international context and the characteristics of the National University of Mexico as an important HEI, in order to find out the particularities of its internationalisation process and the management of the international cooperation. The case study is focused in the General Direction of lnternational Affairs and its work to implement the internationalisation process in the University."

Historically, Spain has experienced relatively little public objection to wind power proposals, but this is changing in the region of Galicia, which now hosts a relatively concentrated level of wind turbines. To document and understand this objection, we take a cognitive mapping approach, commenting on its value as a method and focussing particularly on the issue of community compensation. Cognitive mapping structures the causal logic of individuals' thinking, revealing this and facilitating group discussion. Here we compare cognitive maps that reflect different positions on the controversy. Both monetary and in-kind compensation are dismissed by local campaigners and local stakeholder representatives alike. In-kind compensation is regarded as inadequate firstly because it cannot provide the scale of the public goods perceived as necessary by the host community. Secondly, the developer is in any case considered inappropriate as provider of public goods, which the community think should be delivered by local and regional governments.

This article examines how decision makers in the EU legislative process reach consensual decisions through the mechanism of 'implicit voting'. I introduce a spatial model of coalitional bargaining using a utility function incorporating decision makers' considerations of the policy gains they expect to obtain from the outcome and the policy concessions they need to give other decision makers so as to have the outcome accepted. The model predicts the formation of a compact coalition, which will be able to implement the final policy. As a compact coalition typically integrates a majority of like-minded legislators, consensual outcomes reached through coalition formations are likely to occur under conditions of preference polarization and reflect ideological choices towards one side of the political spectrum. The empirical evaluation of the model for 44 proposals and 111 issues of the EU legislative process requiring qualified majority voting confirms the expectations of the model and suggests that implicit voting is specifically relevant to explaining decisions leading to high or low levels of policy change.

This article examines how decision makers in the EU legislative process reach consensual decisions through the mechanism of 'implicit voting'. I introduce a spatial model of coalitional bargaining using a utility function incorporating decision makers' considerations of the policy gains they expect to obtain from the outcome and the policy concessions they need to give other decision makers so as to have the outcome accepted. The model predicts the formation of a compact coalition, which will be able to implement the final policy. As a compact coalition typically integrates a majority of like-minded legislators, consensual outcomes reached through coalition formations are likely to occur under conditions of preference polarization and reflect ideological choices towards one side of the political spectrum. The empirical evaluation of the model for 44 proposals and 111 issues of the EU legislative process requiring qualified majority voting confirms the expectations of the model and suggests that implicit voting is specifically relevant to explaining decisions leading to high or low levels of policy change.

This article examines how decision makers in the EU legislative process reach consensual decisions through the mechanism of 'implicit voting'. I introduce a spatial model of coalitional bargaining using a utility function incorporating decision makers' considerations of the policy gains they expect to obtain from the outcome and the policy concessions they need to give other decision makers so as to have the outcome accepted. The model predicts the formation of a compact coalition, which will be able to implement the final policy. As a compact coalition typically integrates a majority of like-minded legislators, consensual outcomes reached through coalition formations are likely to occur under conditions of preference polarization and reflect ideological choices towards one side of the political spectrum. The empirical evaluation of the model for 44 proposals and 111 issues of the EU legislative process requiring qualified majority voting confirms the expectations of the model and suggests that implicit voting is specifically relevant to explaining decisions leading to high or low levels of policy change.