Suchergebnisse

PT. I. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- [Section 1]. Different forms of motivation -- 1. Core social motivations : views from the couch, consciousness, classroom, computers, and collectives / Susan T. Fiske -- PT. II. FORMS AND SYSTEMS OF MOTIVATION -- 2. Belongingness motivation : a mainspring of social action / Mark R. Leary and Cody B. Cox -- 3. The many sides of control motivation : motives for high, low, and illusory control / Suzanne C. Thompson and Mich(c)·le M. Schlehofer -- 4. Self-enhancement and self-affirmation : the consequences of positive self-thoughts for motivation and health / Shelley E. Taylor and David K. Sherman -- 5. Cognitive dissonance theory : an update with a focus on the action-based model / Eddie Harmon-Jones and Cindy Harmon-Jones -- 6. Motivated closed-mindedness and its social consequences / Arie W. Kruglanski and Woo Young Chun -- 7. Historical perspectives and new directions in achievement goal theory : understanding the effects of mastery and performance-approach goals / Corwin Senko, Amanda M. Durik, and Judith M. Harackiewicz -- 8. A basic but uniquely human motivation : terror management / Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, and Jamie Arndt -- 9. Prosocial motivation / C. Daniel Batson ... [et al.] -- 10. Implicit motivation : past, present, and future / Melissa J. Ferguson, Ran Hassin, and John A. Bargh -- [Section 2]. Motivational systems -- 11. Motivations for promotion and prevention / Daniel C. Molden, Angela Y. Lee, and E. Tory Higgins -- 12. The neuroevolution of motivation / Gary G. Berntson and John T. Cacioppo -- 13. Contributions of attachment theory and research to motivation science / Mario Mikulincer and Phillip R. Shaver -- 14. Structural dynamics : the challenge of change in goal systems / James Y. Shah and Arie W. Kruglanski -- PT. III. MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSES AND DIFFERENCES -- [Section 1.] Motivational processes and goal pursuits -- 15. The goal construct in psychology / Andrew J. Elliot and James W. Fryer -- 16. The impact of social comparisons on motivation / Penelope Lockwood and Rebecca T. Pinkus -- 17. Goal contagion : inferring goals from others' actions, and what leads to it / Henk Aarts, Ap Dijksterhuis, and Giel Dik -- 18. Implicit and explicit counteractive self-control / Ayelet Fishbach and Yaacov Trope -- 19. Dealing with unwanted feelings : the role of affect regulation in volitional action control / Sander L. Koole and Julius Kuhl -- 20. Feedback processes in the simultaneous regulation of action and affect / Charles S. Carver and Michael F. Scheier -- 21. Flexible tenacity in goal pursuit / Peter M. Gollwitzer ... [et al.] -- 22. The antecedents and consequences of nonconscious goal pursuit / Tanya L. Chartrand, Amy N. Dalton, and Clara Michelle Cheng -- 23. Regulatory fit / E. Tory Higgins -- 24. Can satisfaction reinforce wanting? : a new theory about long-term changes in strength of motivation / Kathleen D. Vohs and Roy F. Baumeister -- [Section 2]. Motivational differences -- 25. The role of goal investment in self-regulation : benefits and costs / Eva M. Pomerantz and Serena Shim -- 26. Self-theories, goals, and meaning / Carol S. Dweck and Heidi Grant -- 27. Culture and motivation / Beth Morling and Shinobu Kitayama -- 28. Of men, women, and motivation : a role congruity account / Amanda B. Diekman and Alice H. Eagly -- 29. Developmental perspectives on achievement motivation : personal and contextual influences / Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia and Jennifer A. Fredricks -- 30. The interface of motivation science and psychology : self-concordance, quality motivation, and multilevel personality integration / Kennon M. Sheldon -- PT. IV. APPLICATIONS OF MOTIVATIONAL RESEARCH -- [Section 1]. Well-being and optimal functioning -- 31. Challenge, threat, and health / Jim Blascovich -- 32. Understanding the determinants of health behavior change : integrating theory and practice / Alexander J. Rothman ... [et al.] -- 33. Social exclusion, motivation, and self-defeating behavior : why breakups lead to drunkenness and ice cream / Jean M. Twenge -- 34. Personal goals and life dreams : positive psychology and motivation in daily life / Laura A. King -- [Section 2]. Intergroup and interpersonal relations -- 35. When self-protection hurts : satisfying connectedness motivations in close relationships / Sandra L. Murray -- 36. Prorelationship motivation : an interdependence theory analysis of situations with conflicting interests / Eli J. Finkel and Caryl E. Rusbult -- 37. Approaching social rewards and avoiding social punishments : appetitive and aversive social motivation / Shelly L. Gable and Amy Strachman -- 38. Making things better and worse : multiple motives in stereotyping and prejudice / Steven J. Stroessner and Abigail A. Scholer -- 39. System justification as conscious and nonconscious goal pursuit / John T. Jost ... [et al.]

Most models of how citizens combine information about political candidates into attitudes toward them presume that symmetric linear additive processes are at work. We propose a model (called the ANM) in which the impact of favorable & unfavorable beliefs on attitudes is asymmetric & nonlinear. Cross-sectional national survey data (from 1972 to 1996) show that this model describes attitudes toward presidential candidates & political parties better than a symmetric linear model (SLM) among respondents high & low in political involvement. Longitudinal survey data (collected between 1980 & 1996) show that attitudes are derived from favorable & unfavorable beliefs in ways consistent with the ANM. And the ANM revealed that voter turnout is enhanced by a stronger preference for a citizen's preferred candidate if at least one candidate is disliked, whereas the SLM failed to detect this effect. These findings have important implications for understanding the impact of election campaigns on citizens' preferences & actions & for understanding the ingredients of vote choices. 4 Tables, 1 Appendix, 75 References. Adapted from the source document.