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One of three distinct approaches to his famous 'Trust' argument, this paper written by Garfinkel in 1960, and never before published, proposed a rethinking of rules, games and linguistic classifications in interactional terms consistent with Wittgenstein's language games. Garfinkel had been working in collaboration with Parsons since 1958 to craft an approach to culture that would replace conceptual classification with the constitutive expectancies of interaction and systems of interaction. The argument challenged the work of cultural anthropologists influenced by zoology and biology, who called themselves 'ethnoscientists' and studied culture in terms of linguistic classification systems. Garfinkel had proposed an alternative sociological 'ethnoscience' of culture and language that would focus on how culture was made, on how linguistic events are achieved, and on the rules of their making. This 'Language Games' approach followed Wittgenstein in seeking what Garfinkel called a literal description of cultural/linguistic events: meaning by 'literal', a step-by-step account of the constitutive and preferred rules participants use to create a recognizable event-in-a-language. Made famous three years later in version associated with Schutz, Garfinkel's Trust argument also appears in a 1962 text (Parsons' Primer, published in 2019) in a version built on Parsons.

"This volume includes an unpublished manuscript and selected portions of five seminars by Harold Garfinkel - the founder of ethnomethodology - on the topic of practices in the natural sciences and mathematics. The volume provides a coherent and sustained account of his program for the study of ordinary and specialized social actions. Presenting broader theoretical and methodological initiatives, as well as discussions and summaries of exemplary studies of social phenomena within and beyond the sciences, this work dates to the period in the 1980s during which the field of Science and Technology Studies was taking shape, with ethnomethodological studies of scientific practice forming a major part its development at the time. Aside from their historical importance, the manuscript and seminars present a distinctive perspective on the natural and social sciences that remains highly original and pertinent to research on science, social science, and everyday life today. Offering critical insights and proposals relating to developments in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, this volume will appeal to scholars of sociology and science and technology studies with interests in the work of Garfinkel"--

Editor⁰́₉s IntroductionMichael LynchPart I: Respecifying the Natural Sciences as Discovering Sciences of Practical Action, I & II: Doing so Ethnographically by Administering a Schedule of Contingencies in Discussions with Laboratory Scientists and by Hanging Around their LaboratoriesEditor⁰́₉s Introduction to Part IMichael LynchPart I: Respecifying the Natural Sciences as Discovering Sciences of Practical Action, I & II: Doing so Ethnographically by Administering a Schedule of Contingencies in Discussions with Laboratory Scientists and by Hanging Around their LaboratoriesHarold GarfinkelAppendix I: Postscript and PrefaceHarold GarfinkelAppendix II: Some Notes on the Play of Basketball in its Circumstantial Detail Douglas Macbeth Appendix III: Detail*Harold GarfinkelAppendix IV: Collections of Studies I-VII Respecifying The Natural Sciences As Discovering Sciences Of Practical ActionHarold GarfinkelAcknowledgements, Notes and References to Part IPart II: Discovering Work of the Sciences: Five seminars on the work of the discovering sciences, Department of Sociology, UCLA. (May - July 1980)Harold GarfinkelEditor⁰́₉s Introduction to Part IIMichael LynchSeminar 1 (May 22, 1980), convened by Harold GarfinkelSeminar 2 (May 27, 1980), convened by Harold Garfinkel Seminar 3 (June 3, 1980), convened by Harold GarfinkelSeminar 4 (June 19, 1980), convened by Harold GarfinkelSeminar 5 (July 1, 1980), convened by Harold GarfinkelNotes and References to Part II

This volume includes an unpublished manuscript and selected portions of five seminars by Harold Garfinkel – the founder of ethnomethodology – on the topic of practices in the natural sciences and mathematics. The volume provides a coherent and sustained account of his program for the study of ordinary and specialized social actions. Presenting broader theoretical and methodological initiatives, as well as discussions and summaries of exemplary studies of social phenomena within and beyond the sciences, this work dates to the period in the 1980s during which the field of Science and Technology Studies was taking shape, with ethnomethodological studies of scientific practice forming a major part of its development at the time. Aside from their historical importance, the manuscript and seminars present a distinctive perspective on the natural and social sciences that remains highly original and pertinent to research on science, social science, and everyday life today. Offering critical insights and proposals relating to developments in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis, this volume will appeal to scholars of Sociology and Science and Technology Studies with interests in the work of Garfinkel.