Suchergebnisse

Adaptive management / Craig R. Allen and Ahjond S. Garmestani -- Adaptive management, a personal history / C.S. Holling and Shana M. Sundstrom -- Lessons from adaptive management: obstacles and outcomes / Lance Gunderson -- Adaptive management and law / Melinda Harm Benson and Courtney Schultz -- A decision-analytic approach to adaptive resource management / Fred A. Johnson and Byron K. Williams -- Measuring success of adaptive management projects / Brian C. Chaffin and Hannah Gosnell -- The role of bridging organizations in enhancing ecosystem services and facilitating adaptive management of social-ecological systems / Olivia Odom Green, Lisen Schultz, Marmar Nekoro and Ahjond S. Garmestani -- Adaptive management for novel ecosystems / Nicholas A.J. Graham and Christina C. Hicks -- Adaptive co-management / Christo Fabricius and Bianca Currie -- Adaptive management today: a practitioners' perspective / Carol L. Murray, David R. Marmorek and Lorne A. Greig -- Practical resilience: building networks of adaptive management / Jim Berkley and Lance Gunderson -- Optimization and resilience in natural resources management / Byron K. Williams and Fred A. Johnson -- Emerging concepts in adaptive management / Derek Armitage, Steven Alexander, Mark Andrachuck, Samantha Berdej, Thomas Dyck, Prateep Kumar Nayak, Jeremy Pittman and Kaitlyn Rathwell -- Adaptive management of social-ecological systems: the path forward / Ahjond S. Garmestani and Craig R. Allen

Complex systems, such as urban systems, emerge unpredictably without the influence of central control as a result of adaptive behaviour by their component, interacting agents. This paper analyses city size distributions, by decade, from the south-western region of the United States for the years 1890-1990. It determines if the distributions were clustered and documents changes in the pattern of clusters over time. Clusters were determined utilising a kernel density estimator and cluster analysis. The data were clustered as determined by both methods. The analyses identified 4-7 clusters of cities in each of the decades analysed. Cities cluster into size classes, suggesting variability in growth rates at different scales.