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Plato's "communism", Aristotle's critique and Proclus' response -- Plato's "communism" : from late antiquity via Islamic Spain to the Renaissance -- Renunciation and communality : thinking through the primitive Church -- The poverty of Christ : crises of asceticism from the Pelagians to the Franciscans -- The state of nature and the origin of private property : Hesiod to William of Ockham -- The state of nature and the origin of private property : Grotius to Hegel -- Property as a legal right -- Property as a human right.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Giuseppe Bencivenni Pelli (1729-1808) -- Texts -- Giuseppe Pelli: Against the Death Penalty. Text and Fragments -- Giuseppe Pelli and Cesare Beccaria: Correspondence (1766-67) -- Context -- Tuscany -- The Man -- The Life-Cycle of Against the Death Penalty -- Milieu -- Career -- Conclusion -- Argument of Against the Death Penalty -- Preliminaries -- The Proofs -- Lex talionis -- Conclusion -- Cesare Beccaria Bonesana (1738-1794) -- Texts -- Beccaria, against the Death Penalty and for Forced Labour -- Law of Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany, against the Death Penalty (1786, excerpts) -- Opinion ('Voto') of Beccaria, Gallarati Scotti and Risi, against the Death Penalty (1792) -- Context -- Lombardy -- On Crimes and Punishments -- Career -- Milieu, Authorship, Character -- Patronage and Publication -- Argument against the Death Penalty -- Preliminaries -- Chapter 28 in Outline -- Commentary -- Postscript: From Forced Labourto Penal Servitude -- Preliminaries -- Beccaria on Forced Labour -- Beccaria and Bentham -- Beccaria and Jefferson -- Notes -- Select Bibliography -- General Bibliography -- Index.

Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Editor's preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- PART I CITIES -- 1 Aspects of the decline of the urban aristocracy in the empire -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. COMPULSION AND THE COST OF OFFICE -- III. THE HEREDITARY PRINCIPLE -- 2 Independent freedmen and the economy of Roman Italy under the Principate -- 3 Economy and society of Mediolanum under the Principate -- 4 Urban property investment in Roman society -- 5 An association of builders in late antique Sardis -- I. THE DOCUMENT -- II. THE ASSOCIATION -- III. THE CONTEXT -- PART II PEASANTS -- 6 Peasants in ancient Roman society -- PEASANT POWER -- SLAVES AND PEASANTS -- NEW PEASANTS FOR OLD -- 7 Where did Italian peasants live? -- 8 Non-slave labour in the Roman world -- 9 Prolegomenon to a study of the land in the later Roman empire -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. AGRICULTURE AS A SOURCE OF WEALTH -- III. A DECLINE IN PRODUCTION? -- IV. RISING PRODUCTIVITY? -- CONCLUSION -- 10 Mountain economies in southern Europe -- INTRODUCTION -- THE MARGINALITY OF THE MOUNTAINS -- WAS THERE A SPECIFICALLY MEDITERRANEANFORM OF PASTORALISM? -- CLIMATIC DETERMINISM - AND ITS LIMITS -- THE CREATION OF MOUNTAIN PASTURE -- CONCLUSION -- PART III FOOD -- 11 Grain for Athens -- 12 The yield of the land in ancient Greece -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN ATTICA, 329/8 BC -- III. COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE -- IV. ANCIENT FARMING PRACTICES BEARING ON YIELD -- V. CONCEPTS OF YIELD -- 13 The bean: substance and symbol -- INTRODUCTION -- BEAN AS SYMBOL -- BEAN AS FOOD -- BEAN AS SOCIAL MARKER -- CONCLUSION -- 14 Mass diet and nutrition in the city of Rome -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF WHEAT -- III. HOW MUCH WHEAT CONSUMED? -- IV. THE STAPLE FOOD: COST TO THE CONSUMER -- V. A BALANCED DIET?