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[EN] Transitioning toward Industry 4.0 requires major investment in devices and mechanisms enabling interconnectivity between people, machines, and processes. In this article, we present a low-cost system based on the Raspberry Pi platform to measure the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) in real time, and we propose two filtering mechanisms for electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) to measure OEE accurately. The first EMI filtering mechanism is the database filter (DBF), which has been designed to record sealing signals accurately. The DBF works on the database by filtering erroneous signals that have been inserted in it. The second mechanism is the smart coded filter (SCF), which is used to filter erroneous signals associated with machine availability measurements. We have validated our proposal in several production lines in a food industry. The results show that our system works properly, and that it considerably reduces implementation costs compared with proprietary systems offering similar functions. After implementing the proposed system in actual industrial settings, the results show a mean error (ME) of -0.43% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.85 in the sealing signals, and an error of 0% in the availability signal, thus enabling an accurate estimate of OEE. ; This work was supported in part by the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund "Construyendo Europa desde Aragon" under Grant T40_20D Research Group, and in part by the "Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Programa Estatal de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, Proyectos I+D+I 2018," Spain, under Grant RTI2018-096384-B-I00. ; Herrero, ÁC.; Sangüesa, JA.; Martínez, FJ.; Garrido, P.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM. (2021). Mitigating Electromagnetic Noise When Using Low-Cost Devices in Industry 4.0. IEEE Access. 9:63267-63282. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3074588 ; S ; 63267 ; 63282 ; 9

Vehicular networks supporting cooperative driving on the road have attracted much attention due to the plethora of new possibilities they offer to modern Intelligent Transportation Systems. However, research works regarding vehicular networks usually obviate assessing their proposals in scenarios including adverse vehicle densities, i.e., density values that significantly differ from the average values, despite such densities can be quite common in real urban environments (e.g. traffic jams). In this paper, we study the effect of these hostile conditions on the performance of different schemes providing warning message dissemination. The goal of these schemes is to maximize message delivery effectiveness, something difficult to achieve in adverse density scenarios. In addition, we propose the Neighbor Store and Forward (NSF) scheme, designed to be used under low density conditions, and the Nearest Junction Located (NJL) scheme, specially developed for high density conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposals are able to outperform existing warning message dissemination schemes in urban environments under adverse vehicle density conditions. In particular, NSF reduces the warning notification time in low vehicle density scenarios, while increasing up to 23.3% the percentage of informed vehicles. As for high vehicle density conditions, NJL is able to inform the same percentage of vehicles than other existing approaches, while reducing the number of messages up to 46.73% ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, by the Fundacion Universitaria Antonio Gargallo and the Obra Social de Ibercaja, under Grant 2013/B010, as well as the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Sanguesa, JA.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martinez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM. (2014). Using topology and neighbor information to overcome adverse vehicle density conditions. Transportation ...

© 2014 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works ; [EN] Research works regarding vehicular communications usually obviate assessing the proposals in scenarios including adverse vehicle densities, despite such scenarios are quite common in real urban environments. In this paper, we study the effect of these hostile conditions on the performance of different schemes providing warning message dissemination. We then propose the Junction Store and Forward (JSF) and the Nearest Junction Located (NJL) schemes, which were specially designed to be used in very low and very high density scenarios, respectively. Simulation results using real maps demonstrate how our proposed schemes are able to outperform existing warning message dissemination schemes in urban environments under adverse vehicle density conditions. ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion´ , Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543- C03-01, as well as the Government of Arag ´on and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Sanguesa, JA.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM. (2014). Topology-based broadcast schemes for urban scenarios targeting adverse density conditions. En 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). IEEE. 2564-2569. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2014.6952786 ; S ; 2564 ; 2569

Efficient message dissemination is of utmost importance to propel the development of useful services and applications in Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs). In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive system that allows each vehicle to automatically adopt the most suitable dissemination scheme in order to fit the warning message delivery policy to each specific situation. Our mechanism uses as input parameters the vehicular density and the topological characteristics of the environment where the vehicles are located, in order to decide which dissemination scheme to use. We compare our proposal with respect to two static dissemination schemes (eMDR and NJL), and three adaptive dissemination systems (UV-CAST, FDPD, and DV-CAST). Simulation results demonstrate that our approach significantly improves upon these solutions, being able to support more efficient warning message dissemination in all situations ranging from low densities with complex maps, to high densities in simple scenarios. In particular, RTAD improves existing approaches in terms of percentage of vehicles informed, while significantly reducing the number of messages sent, thus mitigating broadcast storms. 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, as well as the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Sanguesa, JA.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martinez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2015). RTAD: A real-time adaptive dissemination system for VANETs. Computer Communications. 60:53-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2015.01.017 ; S ; 53 ; 70 ; 60

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2392-4 ; The number of vehicles in our roads is drastically increasing, especially in developing countries. In addition, these vehicles tend to be concentrated in urban areas which present a large population. Since traffic jams have important and mostly negative consequences, such as increasing travel time, fuel consumption, and air pollution, governments are making efforts to alleviate the increasing traffic pressure, being vehicular density one of the main metrics used for assessing the road traffic conditions. However, vehicle density is highly variable in time and space, making it difficult to be estimated accurately. In this paper, we present a solution to estimate the density of vehicles in urban scenarios. Our proposal, that has been specially designed for vehicular networks, allows intelligent transportation systems to continuously estimate vehicular density by accounting for the number of beacons received per road side unit (RSU), and also considering the roadmap topology where the RSUs are located. Using V2I communications, we are able to estimate the traffic density in a certain area, which represents a key parameter to perform efficient traffic redirection, thereby reducing the vehicles' travel time and avoiding traffic. ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, and by the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Barrachina, J.; Garrido, P.; Fogue, M.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2015). A V2I-based real-time traffic density estimation system in urban scenarios. Wireless Personal Communications. 83(1):259-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2392-4 ; S ; 259 ; 280 ; 83 ; 1 ; Stanica, R., Chaput, E., & Beylot, A. (2011). Local density estimation for contention window adaptation in vehicular networks. In IEEE 22nd international symposium on ...

Nowadays, traffic jams in urban areas have become a problem that keeps growing every year since the number of vehicles in our cities is continuously increasing. One of the most common causes producing traffic jams are vehicle accidents. Moreover, the arrival time of the emergency services could be raised due to traffic congestion. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have a key role in order to reduce or mitigate this problem. In this paper, we propose four different approaches addressing the traffic congestion problem, comparing them to obtain the best solution. Using V2I communications, we are able to accurately estimate the traffic density in a certain area, which represents a key parameter to perform efficient traffic redirection, thereby reducing the emergency services arrival time, and avoiding traffic jams when an accident occurs. Specifically, we propose two approaches based on the Dijkstra algorithm, and two approaches based on Evolution Strategies. Notice that, when an accident occurs, time is a critical issue, and the strategies here proposed contribute to find the optimal solution within a short time period. ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, as well as by the Fundacion Universitaria Antonio Gargallo, the Obra Social de Ibercaja, under Grant 2013/B010, and by the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Barrachina, J.; Garrido, P.; Fogue, M.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2014). Reducing emergence services arrival time by using vehicular communications and Evolution Strategies. Expert Systems with Applications. 41(4):1206-1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.08.004 ; S ; 1206 ; 1217 ; 41 ; 4

©ACM 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive Version of Record was published in MSWiM '13 Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis & simulation of wireless and mobile systems; http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2507924.2507935. ; In Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs), efficient dissemination of messages is a key factor to speed up the development of useful services and applications. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that automatically chooses the best dissemination scheme trying to fit the warning message delivery policy to the current characteristics of each specific vehicular scenario. Our mechanism uses as input parameters the vehicular density and the topological characteristics of the environment where the vehicles are located, in order to decide which dissemination scheme to use. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, which is able to support more efficient warning message dissemination in vehicular environments. ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, by the Fundación Universitaria Antonio Gargallo and the Obra Social de Ibercaja, under Grant 2013/B010, as well as the Government of Aragón and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Sanguesa, JA.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2013). On the Selection of Optimal Broadcast Schemes in VANETs. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2507924.2507935 ; S

© 2016 Julio A. Sanguesa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications also known as vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to cooperate to increase driving efficiency and safety on the roads. In particular, they are forecasted as one of the key technologies to increase traffic safety by providing useful traffic services. In this scope, vehicle-to-vehicle dissemination of warning messages to alert nearby vehicles is one of the most significant and representative solutions. The main goal of the different dissemination strategies available is to reduce the message delivery latency of such information while ensuring the correct reception of warning messages in the vehicle's neighborhood as soon as a dangerous situation occurs. Despite the fact that several dissemination schemes have been proposed so far, their evaluation has been done under different conditions, using different simulators, making it difficult to determine the optimal dissemination scheme for each particular scenario. In this paper, besides reviewing the most relevant broadcast dissemination schemes available in the recent literature, we also provide a fair comparative analysis by evaluating them under the same environmental conditions, focusing on the same metrics, and using the same simulation platform. Overall, we provide researchers with a clear guideline of the benefits and drawbacks associated with each scheme. ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Programa Estatal de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, Proyectos I+D+I 2014, Spain, under Grant TEC2014-52690-R, and by the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Sangüesa-Escorihuela, JA.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martinez Dominguez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, ...

© 2013 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works ; [EN] A critical issue, especially in urban areas, is the occurrence of traffic accidents, since it could generate traffic jams. Additionally, these traffic jams will negatively affect to the rescue process, increasing the emergency services arrival time, which can determine the difference between life or death for injured people involved in the accident. In this paper, we propose four different approaches addressing the traffic congestion problem, comparing them to obtain the best solution. Using V2I communications, we are able to accurately estimate the traffic density in a certain area, which represents a key parameter to perform efficient traffic redirection, thereby reducing the emergency services arrival time, and avoiding traffic jams when an accident occurs. Specifically, we propose two approaches based on the Dijkstra algorithm, and two approaches based on Evolution Strategies. Results indicate that the Density-Based Evolution Strategy system is the best one among all the proposed solutions, since it offers the lowest emergency services travel times. ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacióm , Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, as well as by the Fundación Universitaria Antonio Gargallo, the Obra Social de Ibercaja, the Government of Aragon, and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Barrachina Villalba, J.; Garrido, P.; Fogue, M.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2013). Using evolution strategies to reduce emergency services arrival time in case of accident. En 2013 IEEE 25th International Conference on Tools with ...

[EN] Wireless technologies are making the development of new applications and services in vehicular environments possible since they enable mobile communication between vehicles (V2V), as well as communication between vehicles and infrastructure nodes (V2I). Usually, V2V communications are dedicated to the transmission of small messages mainly focused on improving traffic safety. Instead, V2I communications allow users to access the Internet and benefit from higher level applications. The combination of both V2V and V2I, known as V2X communications, can increase the benefits even further, thereby making intelligent transportation systems (ITS) a reality. In this paper, we introduce V2X-d, a novel architecture specially designed to estimate traffic density on the road. In particular, V2X-d exploits the combination of V2V and V2I communications. Our approach is based on the information gathered by sensors (i.e., vehicles and road side units (RSUs)) and the characteristics of the roadmap topology to accurately make an estimation of the instant vehicle density. The combination of both mechanisms improves the accuracy and coverage area of the data gathered, while increasing the robustness and fault tolerance of the overall approach, e.g., using the information offered by V2V communications to provide additional density information in areas where RSUs are scarce or malfunctioning. By using our collaborative sensing scheme, future ITS solutions will be able to establish adequate dissemination protocols or to apply more efficient traffic congestion reduction policies, since they will be aware of the instantaneous density of vehicles. ; This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Programa Estatal de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, Proyectos I+D+I 2014, Spain, under Grant TEC2014-52690-R, and by the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Sanguesa, JA.; Barrachina, J.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano ...

© 2013 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. ; Road traffic is experiencing a drastic increase, and vehicular traffic congestion is becoming a major problem, especially in metropolitan environments throughout the world. Additionally, in modern Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) communications, the high amount of information that can be generated and processed by vehicles will significantly increase message redundancy, channel contention, and message collisions, thus reducing the efficiency of message dissemination processes. In this work, we present a V2X architecture to estimate traffic density on the road that relies on the advantages of combining V2V and V2I communications. Our proposal uses both the number of beacons received per vehicle (V2V) and per RSU (V2I), as well as the roadmap topology features to estimate the vehicle density. By using our approach, modern Intelligent Transportation Systems will be able to reduce traffic congestion and also to adopt more efficient message dissemination protocols. ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, by the Fundación Universitaria Antonio Gargallo and the Obra Social de Ibercaja, under Grant 2013/B010, as well as the Government of Aragón and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Barrachina Villalba, J.; Sangüesa, JA.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM. (2013). V2X-d: a Vehicular Density Estimation System that combines V2V and V2I Communications. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/WD.2013.6686518 ; S

"©2014 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works." ; Efficient schemes for warning message dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) use context information collected by vehicles about their neighbor nodes to guide the dissemination process. Based on this information, vehicles autonomously decide whether they are the most appropriate forwarding nodes. These schemes maximize their performance when all the vehicles advertise correct information about their positions, but position errors may drastically reduce the performance of the dissemination process. We present a proactive cooperative neighbor position verification protocol that detects nodes advertising false locations and selects optimal forwarders to mitigate the impact of adversarial users. We combine our mechanism with two warning dissemination schemes for VANETs and demonstrate how the latter can benefit from the use of our security scheme in the presence of malicious nodes trying to exploit known system vulnerabilities. ; Manuscript received July 30, 2013; revised May 28, 2014; accepted July 4, 2014. Date of publication July 30, 2014; date of current version June 16, 2015. This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, by the Fundacion Universitaria Antonio Gargallo and the Obra Social de Ibercaja under Grant 2013/B010, by the Government of Aragon under Grant "subvenciones destinadas a la formacion y contratacion de personal investigador," and by the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). The review of this paper was coordinated by Prof. Y. Qian. ; Fogue, M.; Martinez, FJ.; Garrido, P.; Fiore, M.; Chiasserini, C.; Casetti, C.; Cano Escribá, JC. ...