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This article describes expert opinion and expert reports commonly requested by courts and lawyers in those technical disciplines related to real estate, within the framework of the current Spanish legislation. As established in Spanish Civil Code Article 348 ¿property means the right to possess, enjoy and dispose of anything of value with no limitations other than those established by law. In addition, the owner is entitled to claim property ownership as its holder and its possessor¿. This regulation has resulted in many litigation proceedings in Spain. Performance appraisal reports can be of aid to non-judicial experts and lawyers in relation to technical issues and can at times be decisive. ; Garrido-Villén, N.; Antón Merino, A.; Berné Valero, JL.; Femenia Ribera, C. (2013). Land surveyors as expert witnesses in real estate litigation matters in Spain (Izvedeniska Dejavnost na Podroèju Nepremiénin v Spaniji). Geodetski Vestnik. 57(1):66-84. doi:10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2013.01.066-084 ; S ; 66 ; 84 ; 57 ; 1

205 212 46 336 ; S ; In the 1890 s and early 1900s, the National Geographic Institute (IGN) of Spain carried out geodetic studies required to georeference the boundaries of every single municipality in Spain, survey the boundaries and mark them out. The field notes for these studies still exist and can still be referenced today. Nowadays, most of the landmarks that were located in these studies have disappeared; replacing these monuments could be of great interest to the local government, both administratively and economically. The indeterminacy or change of municipal boundaries can lead to tax collection and even supply problems. This paper studies the accuracy of those studies. Furthermore, a technical method for locating the lost monuments is shown; this method could also be used to map the monuments in a precise and reliable way. In this way, the problem of replacing boundaries is subsequently analysed. Garrido-Villén, N.; Berné Valero, JL.; Antón Merino, A.; Anquela Julián, AB. (2014). Jurisdictional boundaries in Spain, survey and marking of boundaries in Teruel (Spain). Survey Review. 46(336):205-212. doi:10.1179/1752270613Y.0000000071 Collier, P. (2009). International Boundary Surveys and Demarcation in the Late 19thand Early 20thCenturies. Survey Review, 41(311), 2-13. doi:10.1179/003962608x325457 Dale, P. F. (2006). Reflections on the Cadastre. Survey Review, 38(300), 491-498. doi:10.1179/sre.2006.38.300.491 Demir, O., Uzun, B., & Çete, M. (2008). Turkish cadastral system. Survey Review, 40(307), 54-66. doi:10.1179/003962608x253484 National Geographical Institute of Spain (IGN), http://www.fomento.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/DIRECCIONES_GENERALES/INSTITUTO_GEOGRAFICO/Geodesia/ (accessed 19 October 2010). Pirti, A., Arslan, N., Deveci, B., Aydin, O., Erkaya, H., & Hosbas, R. G. (2009). Real-Time Kinematic GPS for Cadastral Surveying. Survey Review, 41(314), 339-351. doi:10.1179/003962609x451582 ; Berné J. L.et al. 2008. Catastro en España, Ed. UPV, Valencia. Dirección General del Catastro, ...

In the 1890 s and early 1900s, the National Geographic Institute (IGN) of Spain carried out geodetic studies required to georeference the boundaries of every single municipality in Spain, survey the boundaries and mark them out. The field notes for these studies still exist and can still be referenced today. Nowadays, most of the landmarks that were located in these studies have disappeared; replacing these monuments could be of great interest to the local government, both administratively and economically. The indeterminacy or change of municipal boundaries can lead to tax collection and even supply problems. This paper studies the accuracy of those studies. Furthermore, a technical method for locating the lost monuments is shown; this method could also be used to map the monuments in a precise and reliable way. In this way, the problem of replacing boundaries is subsequently analysed. ; Garrido-Villén, N.; Berné Valero, JL.; Antón Merino, A.; Anquela Julián, AB. (2014). Jurisdictional boundaries in Spain, survey and marking of boundaries in Teruel (Spain). Survey Review. 46(336):205-212. doi:10.1179/1752270613Y.0000000071 ; S ; 205 ; 212 ; 46 ; 336 ; Berné J. L.et al. 2008. Catastro en España, Ed. UPV, Valencia. ; Capdevila i Subirana J. 2005. Treballs de la SCG, 60. ; Collier, P. (2009). International Boundary Surveys and Demarcation in the Late 19thand Early 20thCenturies. Survey Review, 41(311), 2-13. doi:10.1179/003962608x325457 ; Dale, P. F. (2006). Reflections on the Cadastre. Survey Review, 38(300), 491-498. doi:10.1179/sre.2006.38.300.491 ; Demir, O., Uzun, B., & Çete, M. (2008). Turkish cadastral system. Survey Review, 40(307), 54-66. doi:10.1179/003962608x253484 ; Dirección General del Catastro, www.catastro.meh.es/esp/normativa1.asp?lu = m6&im = m6i#menu1_3 (accessed 23 June 2010). ; Fábrega Golpe J.et al. 2007. Proyecto que desarrolla de la Metodología para la optimización de la base de datos de líneas límite del Instituto Geográfico Nacional ; National Geographical Institute of Spain ...