Suchergebnisse

L'augmentation récente du taux de divorce et de séparation chez les personnes les plus défavorisées ainsi que la hausse du nombre d'enfants qui vivent en garde partagée soulèvent la question de savoir de quelle façon ces évolutions affectent les inégalités sociales entre les enfants. Cet article contribue au débat en examinant le rôle modérateur du milieu socioéconomique des parents dans la relation entre santé et bien-être des enfants, et modes de garde. À partir du volet espagnol de l'enquête Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, les différentes hypothèses d'effet compensatoire et plancher sont évaluées, en dissociant les effets de l'éducation et de la profession du père et de la mère sur la qualité de vie des enfants, notamment les affections psychologiques et la satisfaction de la vie. Les résultats montrent que les conséquences de grandir dans une famille dite « non intacte » sont plus importantes pour les enfants défavorisés, et que les inégalités sociales de santé et de bien-être après une séparation persistent dans l'Espagne contemporaine.

The recent concentration of divorce and separation among the least advantaged, and the increase in shared physical custody of children raises the question of how such family developments affect social inequalities among children. Our paper contributes to this debate by examining the moderating role of parental socioeconomic background in the relationship between children's health and well-being and child custody arrangements. From the Spanish 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children' survey, we test the competing compensatory and floor effect hypotheses, distinguishing the separate effects of father's and mother's education and occupation on multiple children outcomes, such as psychological complaints and life satisfaction. Our results indicate that growing up in a "non-intact" family still has greater negative consequences for disadvantaged children, and that social inequalities in child health and well-being after separation persist in contemporary Spain.

Although there is consistent evidence of the negative effects of parental divorce on children's educational level, the mechanisms and the protective factors that explain the consequences of divorce on children have not been clearly determined. This information is required in order to create effective policies and programs to help children through the divorce process. This study uses the longitudinal data from the British Birth Cohort Study 1970 and structural equation models to test whether family income, maternal supervision, and children's psychological problems mediate the effect of parental divorce on children's educational level and to what extent these variables are important protective factors for children through the divorce process. The main aim of this study, however, is to test the importance of children's psychological well-being on the relationship between parental divorce and children's educational level. Only two studies noted the importance of children's psychological well-being theoretically, but were unable to measure it. This study demonstrates empirically that children's psychological well-being is not a negligible mechanism and that this variable represents a very important protective factor for children of divorce, since the effect of psychological problems on educational level is significantly greater for children from divorced families than for those from intact ones. Although most family policies aimed at divorced families are targeted to improving family income, these findings reveal the need for governments to ensure that all children of divorce have access to programs and interventions designed to improve their psychological well-being.

Background: During the second half of the 20th century there was a positive relationship between single parenthood and the mother's educational level in Spain and Italy. Objective: However, several important transformations contemplated by Goode (1993) and McLanahan (2004) suggest that this relationship may have been inverted in Spain but perhaps not in Italy. The purpose of our study is to test this hypothesis. Methods: We use EU_SILC data from waves 2005 and 2011 and logistic regressions. Results: We found the relationship between the mother's educational level and being a single mother is negative in Spain, while it is not significant in Italy. However, we found that for Italian mothers aged 40 and younger and mothers from northwest Italy, this relationship is also negative. By contrast, for older mothers and mothers from the islands or southern Italy, this association is positive. Meanwhile, for mothers from the central and northeast regions, the relationship between educational level and single motherhood is not significant. Conclusions: These results show how Spain and some parts of Italian society are moving towards family models similar to those in the Northern European countries. As Sara McLanahan (2004) noted for the United States, this social transformation in Southern Europe cannot be considered without recognizing the potential negative consequence for future generations. The single-mother households dealing with the economic crisis that started in 2008 have lower socioeconomic backgrounds than the single mothers who suffered through previous crises, and therefore the consequences of this crisis for children in single-parent families might be even more negative, especially in Spain.

12 páginas, 8 figuras, 1 tabla. ; The life-history traits of long-lived benthic littoral invertebrates remain poorly understood. In this study, we analysed patterns of growth in three abundant sublittoral sponges from the western Mediterranean Sea, chosen for their close phylogenetic relatedness, sympatric distribution, and contrasting amounts of photosymbionts: high in Ircinia fasciculata, lower in I. variabilis, and absent in I. oros. Sponge area, perimeter, number of oscula, and epibiont abundance were quantified from in situ digital images taken monthly for 1.5 years and volumetric growth rates were calculated from empirical area–volume relationships. Volumetric growth rates were different among species and coherent with the photosymbiont abundance: high in I. fasciculata (40.03 ± 4.81 % year-1, mean ± SE), low in I. variabilis (5.65 ± 6.11 % year-1), and almost nil in I. oros (-0.04 ± 3.02 % year-1). Furthermore, a marked seasonality was observed in the first two species, with greater growth during the warm season. The high growth rates of I. fasciculata were likely fuelled by symbiont-derived photosynthates and required to compete in the well-lit, algal-dominated habitats this species prefers. In contrast, I. variabilis and I. oros tended to dwell in shaded habitats, where competition from slow-growing invertebrates is intense, and featured lower growth rates. The flattened morphology and lower circularity of I. variabilis indicates a capacity for adaptation to any space that is freed, while I. oros had less oscula and was more massive and circular, suggesting a strategy of passive occupation and minimisation of biological interactions. The results show that even congeneric species living sympatrically can achieve important biomass using different growth and substrate occupation strategies. ; This research was supported by the US National Science Foundation under grant 0853089, the Spanish Government projects CTM2010-22218 and CTM2010- 17755, and the Catalan Government Grant 2009SGR-484 for Consolidated Groups. ; Peer reviewed