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Abstract. Coastal cities are under rising pressure to adapt to climate change. They suffer from the severe effects of increased frequencies and intensities of coastal hazards, particularly flooding, while oftentimes continuing to sprawl into hazard-exposed areas and grow beyond the pace of sufficient infrastructure development. Even though these problems have been quite well understood for a while, there is still comparatively little knowledge and scientific assessment of the solution space, i.e., on the options available for adaptation and the ways in which they are being perceived, framed and evaluated in the scientific literature. Focusing on Jakarta, this study presents findings from a systematic assessment of peer-reviewed scientific literature on the adaptation solution space with regard to current and future flooding. Jakarta is chosen as a case study since it is among the cities with the highest flood risk and adaptation pressure globally while also being one of the most heavily researched coastal cities in this regard, certainly in the Global South. Based on a structured keyword search, we assess 339 articles. Results indicate that the perceived solution space is skewed towards hard protection against flooding, while measures to accommodate flooding or retreat from exposed areas are less widely considered in the scientific debate. Soft adaptation measures for the reduction of social vulnerability receive less attention in the literature than those measures targeting the taming of flood hazards, often through engineering solutions. Likewise, hybrid adaptation approaches, which combine soft and hard measures in a complementary way, are only rarely considered. Looking into the future, the findings suggest that despite the importance of hard flood protection as a main adaptation solution in Jakarta, other fields of the solution space deserve increased scientific attention. This relates in particular to urgently needed feasibility and effectiveness assessments of ecosystems-based solutions for flood mitigation and adaptation options targeting social vulnerability. While the empirical results are specific to Jakarta, heuristic observations from research on other coastal cities suggest that similar scoping exercises of the predominantly perceived solution space might be of relevance in many cities beyond Jakarta.

Coastal cities are under increasing pressure to adapt to climate change. They suffer from the severe effects of increased frequencies and intensities of coastal hazards, particularly flooding, whilst oftentimes continuing to sprawl into hazard exposed areas and grow beyond the pace of sufficient infrastructure development. Even though these problems have been quite well understood for a while, there is still comparatively little knowledge on the solution space, i.e. on the options available for adaptation and the ways in which they are being perceived, framed and evaluated. Focusing on Jakarta as one of the cities with the highest flood risk and adaptation pressure globally, this study presents findings from a systematic review of scientific English literature on mitigation options and the adaptation solution space to counter the city's chronic flood problem. Results indicate that the perceived solution space is skewed towards protection against flooding, while soft adaptation options as well as measures to live with flooding or retreat from exposed areas are less widely considered. This appears to not only stem from the government's traditional preference for engineered flood protection measures but also from a bias of scientific analyses towards focusing on understanding the hazard and analyzing engineered flood protection measures, while giving much less attention to soft adaptation options and community-led adaptation focusing among others on social and natural capital, empowerment and capacity building. Similarly, hybrid adaptation approaches, which combine soft and hard measures in a complementary way, are only rarely considered. Looking into the future, the findings suggest that a more integrative scientific approach would be helpful to populate and balance the considered solution space. Jakarta is one of the most heavily researched coastal cities worldwide and lessons from Jakarta are hence of global reach and importance. Future science on the city can play a significant role in piloting new approaches on the pressing frontiers in adaptation research. But increased attention is needed on current epistemic gaps.

Abstract. Increased attention has lately been given to the resilience of critical infrastructure in the context of natural hazards
and disasters. The major focus therein is on the sensitivity of critical infrastructure technologies and their management
contingencies. However, strikingly little attention has been given to assessing and mitigating social vulnerabilities
towards the failure of critical infrastructure and to the development, design and implementation of minimum supply
standards in situations of major infrastructure failure. Addressing this gap and contributing to a more integrative
perspective on critical infrastructure resilience is the objective of this paper. It asks which role social vulnerability
assessments and minimum supply considerations can, should and do – or do not – play for the management and governance of
critical infrastructure failure. In its first part, the paper provides a structured review on achievements and remaining
gaps in the management of critical infrastructure and the understanding of social vulnerabilities towards disaster-related
infrastructure failures. Special attention is given to the current state of minimum supply concepts with a regional focus
on policies in Germany and the EU. In its second part, the paper then responds to the identified gaps by developing
a heuristic model on the linkages of critical infrastructure management, social vulnerability and minimum supply. This
framework helps to inform a vision of a future research agenda, which is presented in the paper's third part. Overall, the
analysis suggests that the assessment of socially differentiated vulnerabilities towards critical infrastructure failure
needs to be undertaken more stringently to inform the scientifically and politically difficult debate about minimum supply
standards and the shared responsibilities for securing them.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1: Crossing Borders: Governing the Globalising Urban Matrix of Compound Disasters in Asia and the Pacific -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Rethinking Disaster Geographies -- 1.3 Governing Disasters Across National Borders -- 1.4 About This Volume -- References -- Part I: Cross-Border Disasters in Historical and Contemporary Perspective -- Chapter 2: Recognising Global Interdependence Through Disasters -- 2.1 Introduction. From Isolation to Global Responsiveness -- 2.2 Explaining Disasters, East and West -- 2.3 1755 and the Beginnings of European Transnational Compassion -- 2.4 A Genealogy of Globalising Relief -- 2.5 Asian Disasters and Western Empathy -- 2.6 Cold War and Nationalism Interrupt the Globalising Trend -- 2.7 The Globalised Present -- 2.8 The Way Ahead -- References -- Chapter 3: Crossing Colonial Borders: Governing Environmental Disasters in Historic Context -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 British Meteorology and Cross-Border Knowledge in Colonial Asia -- 3.3 Floods, Governance and Urban Development in Nineteenth-Century Singapore and Kuala Lumpur -- 3.4 Local and Regional: Governance and Desiccationist Theory -- 3.5 Conclusion: Learning from History? -- References -- Chapter 4: Governing Cross-Border Effects of Disasters in Urbanising Asia: What Do We Know? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Analysis -- 4.2.1 Peer-Reviewed Scientific Literature -- 4.2.2 Grey Literature -- 4.2.3 Secondary Data -- 4.2.4 International Agreements in the Post-2015 Agenda -- 4.3 Conclusions: Achievements, Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 5: Disasters Across Borders: Borderlands as Spaces of Hope and Innovation in the Geopolitics of Environmental Disasters -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Borders and Border Spaces -- 5.3 Beyond Borders

Many industrial sites in developing countries and emerging economies face increasing exposure to environmental hazards, e.g. in coastal locations, while being situated within the territory of state authorities which lack in capacity to provide adaptation solutions. It is therefore relevant to ask, whether and how firms engage in adaptation, both individually and collectively, in order to reduce business disruptions, enhance their competitiveness and shape regional development. However, the literature has made little efforts to address these questions conceptually and empirically. The paper therefore develops a heuristic conceptual framework for deciphering the decision-making of firms exposed to environmental hazards and the role that they might play for shaping larger risk governance and eventually regional adaptation. In doing so, the paper builds on both an explorative empirical study in Jakarta and Semarang and the assessment of different literatures of relevance to the topic. The proposed framework argues that firms potentially fulfill a twofold role in shaping integrative adaptive regional development when exposed to environmental hazards. First, firms seek to enhance their own competitiveness through adjustments which are determined by their routines, risk behavior and the institutional setting. Second, firms act as stakeholders within broader collective adaptation. In conclusion, the framework suggests that firms' (in-)actions can shift the trajectories of regional development into different directions, along a gradient from collapse, resistance, resilience to transformation. The framework can be used to guide empirical analysis and inspire policy making and practice of integrated adaptation governance, especially in rapidly changing developing countries and emerging economies.