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The West's displacement & the entry in a new society are phenomena shared by the philosophers of the crisis & the exhausted postmodern thought, although they have different points of departure. The psychological elements developed by A. Toynbee in his Study of History have special relevance in the interpretation of this displacement In addition, they can help the political psychologist in his work to diagnose & anticipate the direction of social changes. In The Schism in the Soul Toynbee describes an attitudinal model that integrates on three levels (conduct, feeling & life) the reactions & alternative responses that individuals adopt when their societies are paralyzed & show symptoms of exhaustion. Gathering on attitudinal descriptions of Toynbee, presented is an empirical form to build a standardized scale to measure reaction styles in social crises. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Around the 1960s, political psychology was developed as a field of knowledge that attempted to interrelate scientific psychology & political phenomena. However, social & academic conditions are very different today. More & more, political psychology is becoming a protagonist, as much in the internal context of psychology as in the external context of its relations with the social world. Thus, political psychology can now be seen as a resource relating psychological knowledge to social practice, & relating psychological processes to social action. Political psychology is the interface that puts psychology & society in contact. The development of political psychology in Spain provides an example of this alternative view of the field. 36 References. Adapted from the source document.