Suchergebnisse

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS -- LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS THE ETHICS OF DEVELOPMENT? -- CHAPTER 2 THE MEANING OF 'DEVELOPMENT' -- CHAPTER 3 'EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS': MAINSTREAM DEVELOPMENT EVALUATION IN THEORY AND PRACTICE -- CHAPTER 4 'EQUITY': WHO BEARS COSTS AND WHO REAPS BENEFITS? -- CHAPTER 5 VIOLENCE AND HUMAN SECURITY -- CHAPTER 6 NEEDS AND BASIC NEEDS -- CHAPTER 7 'HUMAN DEVELOPMENT' CAPABILITIES AND POSITIVE FREEDOM -- CHAPTER 8 CULTURES AND THE ETHICS OF DEVELOPMENT -- CHAPTER 9 EPILOGUE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX

New Public Management (NPM) has shaken up sleepy and self-serving public organisations. But it was spread like a religion: assumed to be modern, relevant and universally superior, despite having relatively little empirical backing. NPM has now lost much of its gloss, as experience of the massive transaction costs of radical reforms and of their often unfulfilled prerequisites mounts. An untried package was sold and bought. This paper looks for lessons. First, it discusses implications for the types of independent thinking and training required for public managers, including methods for thinking critically, caringly and creatively. Second, it takes a case study, a 1990s phenomenon parallel to but rather differ ent from NPM, South Africa's 'New Public Administration Initiative' (NPA1). The NPA1 made the move from rule-following 'administration' to outcomes oriented 'management', abolished the division between white-oriented 'Public Administration' and black-oriented 'Development Administration' and heavily invested in reforming educational infrastructure for public and development management, including for thinking independently, not swallowing packages from abroad. NPA1, however, has had to reflect on its intellectual identity for the longer-term, otherwise it may be sidelined or eaten by competitors, notably plain 'management'. This paper examines this rise of'management' and its threat to 'public' and 'development'. It argues the need to strengthen the 'public' ori entation by promoting a number of dimensions of that concept beyond merely 'State" and State-society interaction, and to keep alternative senses of'develop ment' and 'management' to the fore in order to prevent monopolisation of these terms by the ideas of the corporate world.

Critical development studies require not just a critical attitude, but also usable tools. This article suggests some forms of discourse analysis that can add substance to critical development studies' aspirations and that can yet be learnt and used by students without specialist background. Central are tools for 'making strange' (defamiliarization), so that we view both texts and social realities in a fresh independent way and start to discern better their blindspots, and our own. The article presents accessible yet helpful forms of text analysis, argumentation analysis and content analysis that contribute in required processes of defamiliarization and reconstruction.

The work of economist and philosopher Amartya Sen (1933-) has attracted attention in other fields too, including in political science, human geography, planning, health and social policy, and, to a lesser but growing extent, in sociology and occasionally anthropology. This paper, written as part of a project on Indian social theorists, discusses Sen's relation to social theorizing. While he is not a 'social theorist' in the sense recognized in sociology and anthropology, being grounded instead in the earlier perspectives of Adam Smith, Condorcet and J.S. Mill, much of his work, both theoretical and empirical, proves of interest to a wide range of social scientists. The paper's first main part outlines his contributions as a social analyst, under four connected headings: (1) theorization on how people reason as agents within society; (2) 'entitlements analysis' of the social determinants of people's access or lack of access to goods; (3) theorizing the effective freedoms and agency that people enjoy or lack, in his 'capability approach' (CA); (4) treatments of societal membership, identity and political life, including a liberal theory of personal identity and a strong advocacy of and high expectations for 'voice' and deliberative democracy. The second part characterizes Sen's intellectual style, marked by systematic conceptual refinement, associated emphases on complexity, heterogeneity, and individuality, including personal individuality, and a reformist optimism. The third part treats his relation to 'social theory' as considered by sociologists, including the connections, contributions and possible blind spots: in his attention to work by sociologists, in his system for theorizing human action in society, in treatment of power structures and capitalism, and in his optimistic programmatic conception of personhood that stresses the freedom to make a reasoned composition of personal identity. The final substantial part discusses his preoccupation with public reasoning and democracy, and the focus on an arguably ...

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