Suchergebnisse

The majority of rural Indian households remain dependent on traditional, inefficient and harmful household energy technologies. Rural households make their energy decisions with respect to the Water-Energy-Food security (WEF) Nexus jointly, however, previous research initiatives have analyzed household energy access problem in isolation. Taking this WEF nexus into account, this thesis investigates factors influencing household energy transition and identifies an optimal village energy system (VES) for the rural communities in Uttar Pradesh, India. The thesis also analyzes the distributional impacts of VES on different categories of rural households. Using detailed household survey data, Logit and Zoib (zero one inflated beta) regression techniques were applied to analyze household's activities and to identify factors influencing household energy transition. The results showed that regular non-agricultural income of household's male member increases the probability of household's modern cooking energy and modern lighting transition by 8.6% and 13.6%, respectively. It was found that household's higher agricultural dependence and resource endowments (more labor and cattle) lead to higher share of traditional bioenergy consumption in the total cooking energy mix. Proximity to markets and high household income were observed to positively influence household modern cooking and lighting transition. Local institutions such as local bio-energy markets and barter trade for labor- bioenergy were observed to have significant influence on household energy choice. Results also showed that government's policy instrument such as household connection to government LPG scheme is associated with 20.5% increased probability of household using modern cooking energy as its primary cooking fuel. Results also indicated that social factors such as higher female education and young age of household head are associated with household's increased modern cooking energy consumption in its total cooking energy mix. The thesis utilized linear optimization technique to formulate a village energy model in GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling Software). The model identified an optimal Village Energy System (VES) considering all possible energy sources and technologies (energy systems) as well as their linkages with food security. Results confirmed energy systems interdependencies for the rural communities. For instance, results showed that the levelized cost of electricity generation from biomass gasifier power system is 2.54 INR/ MJ as compared to 2.89 INR/ MJ from grid electricity-battery based power system. However, model selected the latter for fulfilling village's night time power needs while it assigned higher shadow price of 0.143 INR / MJ to the former. This happened because possible utilization of gasifier power system was expected to create scarcities of local bio-energy resources, resulting in costlier cooking energy system for the village. It was found that DES (Decentralized Energy System) provides demand side energy management opportunities with different energy prices at different timings of the day. Results also showed that high cost of finance deters possible adoption of renewable power technologies, such as solar power. Lastly, the thesis constructed an agricultural household model linked with VES to analyze VES's welfare consequences on rich and poor households. Here, household had the opportunity to purchase VES's energy services and sell its bio-energy feedstocks to VES. For the poor household, this interaction with VES led to its increased agricultural production with around 22% increase in its farm area cultivation in summers, as well as led to reduction in its off-farm labor by around 11% which is then utilized in its own agriculture. Overall, this interaction resulted in around 4% increase in poor household's annual income. On the down side, this interaction led to poor household shifting towards dirtier cooking energy technologies, resulting in increased external costs and CO2 emissions by around 27% and 45%, respectively. On the other hand, VES did not impact rich household's food production and only marginally increased its economic gain. However, it led to rich household shifting towards cleaner cooking energy thereby resulting in reduction of its external costs almost by half. ; Dezentrale Energie in Indien und ihre Synergien mit der Wasser-Energie-Nahrungsmittelsicherheits (WEF) Nexus Die Mehrheit der ländlichen indischen Haushalte ist auf traditionelle, ineffiziente und schädliche Haushalts-Energietechnologien angewiesen. Die Entscheidungsprozesse ländlicher Haushalte, wie Energie genutzt wird, wird in Bezug auf der Nexus Wasser-Energie-Nahrungsmittelsicherheit (WEF) getroffen. Jedoch haben die früheren wissenschaftlichen Analysen die Probleme des Energiezugangs von Haushalten selektiv und isoliert betrachtet. Unter Berücksichtigung des WEF-Nexus untersucht diese Arbeit Faktoren, die die häusliche Energiewende beeinflussen und entwickelt ein optimiertes Dorfenergiesystem (VES) für ländliche Gemeinden in Uttar Pradesh, Indien. Weiterhin analysiert die Arbeit die unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen des VES auf arme und reiche ländliche Haushalte. Mit Hilfe detaillierter Haushaltsumfragedaten wurden die Regressionsverfahren Logit und Zoib (zero one inflated beta) angewandt, um die häuslichen Aktivitäten zu analysieren und Faktoren zu identifizieren, welche die häusliche Energiewende beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das regelmäßige nicht-landwirtschaftliche Einkommen des männlichen Haushaltsmitgliedes die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass der Haushalt moderne Kochenergie und moderne Beleuchtung nutzt, um 8,6% bzw. 13,6% erhöht. Eine höhere landwirtschaftliche Abhängigkeit und die Ressourcenausstattung des Haushalts (mehr Vieh und Arbeiter) führen zu einem höheren Anteil des traditionellen Bioenergieverbrauchs am Kochenergiemix. Die Nähe zu den Märkten und das hohe Haushaltseinkommen haben sich positiv auf den Übergang zu modernen Haushalts-Energietechnologien ausgewirkt. Lokale Einrichtungen wie Bioenergiemärkte und der Tauschhandel (Arbeit für Bioenergie) haben einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Energiewahl im Haushalt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch, dass das politische Instrument der Einbindung an das staatliche LPG-System zu einer um 20,5% höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit führt, dass der Haushalt moderne Kochenergie als primären Kochbrennstoff verwendet. Die Ergebnisse deuteten auch darauf hin, dass soziale Faktoren wie eine höhere Bildung von Frauen und ein junges Alter des Haushaltsvorstehers zu einem höheren Anteil moderner Energien am Kochenergiemix führen. Die Dissertation verwendet eine lineare Optimierungstechnik, um ein Dorf-Energiemodell in GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling Software) zu formulieren. Das Modell wählt ein optimales Village Energy System (VES) unter Berücksichtigung aller möglichen Energiequellen und Technologien sowie der Kopplung des Energiesystems mit der Ernährungssicherheit. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten die gegenseitigen Abhängigkeiten der Energiesysteme für die ländlichen Gemeinden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten zum Beispiel, dass die Stromgestehungskosten aus dem Biomassevergaser-Stromversorgungssystem 2,54 INR / MJ betragen, verglichen mit 2,89 INR / MJ aus dem Netzstrom-batteriebasierten Stromsystem. Das Modell entschied sich jedoch für Letzteres, um den nächtlichen Strombedarf des Dorfes zu decken, während es dem anderen System einen höheren Schattenpreis von 0,143 INR / MJ zuwies. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass eine mögliche Nutzung des Vergaserstroms dazu führen kann, dass Knappheiten lokaler Bioenergieressourcen entstehen, was zu einem teureren Kochenergiesystem. Es wurde festgestellt, dass DES (Decentralized Energy System) nachfrageorientierte Möglichkeiten des Energiemanagements bietet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass hohe Finanzierungskosten eine mögliche Einführung erneuerbarer Energietechnologien verhindern. Abschließend entwickelte die Arbeit ein landwirtschaftliches Haushaltsmodell in Verbindung mit VES, um die Auswirkungen von VES auf reiche und arme Haushalte zu analysieren. Hier hatte der Haushalt die Möglichkeit, VES-Energiedienstleistungen zu kaufen und seine Bioenergie-Rohstoffe an VES zu verkaufen. Bei einem armen Haushalt führte diese Interaktion zu einer Steigerung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion (ca. 22%) und einer Reduzierung der landwirtschaftlichen Arbeit in fremden Betrieben um ca. 11%. Alles zusammen führte zu einem Anstieg des Jahreseinkommens des armen Haushalts um ca. 4%. Andererseits führte dies dazu, dass die Kochenergietechnik armer Haushalte schmutziger wurde was zu erhöhten externen Kosten führte (ca. 27%). Demgegenüber wurde die Nahrungsmittelproduktion reicher Haushalte von VES nicht beeinflusst und erhöhte nur geringfügig den wirtschaftlichen Gewinn. Jedoch verlagerten sich reiche Haushalte in Richtung sauberer Kochenergien, wodurch die externen Kosten um fast die Hälfte reduziert wurden.

The majority of rural Indian households remain dependent on unreliable, inefficient and harmful household energy technologies. Rural households make their energy decisions with respect to the Water-Energy-Food security (WEF) Nexus jointly, however, previous research initiatives have analyzed household energy access problem in isolation. By analyzing household's activities and its interactions with other households, this paper identified the factors that impact household's transition to modern energies of different kinds. For the analysis, it utilized logit and zoib (zero-one-inflated beta) regression techniques on the household survey data set from the Uttar Pradesh province of India. The results showed that regular non-agricultural income of household's male member increases the probability of household's modern cooking energy and modern lighting transition by 8.6% and 13.6%, respectively. It was found that household's higher agricultural dependence and resource endowments (more labor and cattle) lead to higher share of traditional bioenergy consumption in the total cooking energy mix. Proximity to markets and high household income were observed to positively influence household modern cooking and lighting transition. Local institutions such as local bio-energy markets and barter trade for labor-bioenergy was observed to have significant influence on household energy choice. Results also showed that government's policy instrument such as household connection to government LPG scheme is associated with 20.5% increased probability of household using modern cooking energy as its primary cooking fuel. Results also indicated that social factors such as higher female education and young age of household head are associated with household's increased modern cooking energy consumption in its total cooking energy mix.

Modern bioenergy is a core ingredient of sustainable economic development as it plays an important role in poverty reduction and green growth. This makes bioenergy innovations critical, especially in developing countries where many households and rural communities rely on traditional bioenergy. Managing the multiple tradeoffs among bioenergy use, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem functions is a major development challenge. Addressing this challenge requires the identification of the drivers, tradeoffs and impacts of bioenergy production, trade and use in the Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. The key objective of this paper is to provide an analytical framework and assess the track record of policy actions to stimulate modern bioenergy innovation in order to achieve multiple-win outcomes in terms of poverty alleviation, improved health and gender empowerment and environmental sustainability. We begin by describing the global trends and drivers in bioenergy production, trade and use. Secondly, we review the state of the art on impacts and links of bioenergy with the other Nexus components. Thirdly, we suggest a conceptual framework for evaluating the synergies and tradeoffs of bioenergy with other bioeconomic and economic activities along the Nexus. Follow-up empirical research at household and community levels in several developing countries will be based on this framework. Finally, a discussion on the conceptual framework is enriched by insights on the relevant actors, the tools and mechanisms specific to these actors for catalyzing innovations in the bioenergy for development.