Suchergebnisse

This study focuses on reviewing and analyzing the current sociological discourse devoted to the problems of routine service labor. The article reveals such aspects as the specifics of interactive service work, methods for assessing the size and composition of the service portion of the working class, how the updated properties of labor relations influence the traditional methods used by researchers to conceptualize them, the specific qualities of class consciousness inherent to the service sphere. It has been established that in foreign discourse of sociology of labor, research in the service sphere is currently at the forefront. The focus is on such problems as the structure of the new post-industrial working class, the inclusion of the client into the traditional worker/employer dyad as a third element that reconfigures the stable structures of labor relations, the increased importance of "emotional labor", physicality and the so-called "soft qualities" of workers, the ideology of consumer sovereignty and the problems that it generates, the precarization of labor that leads to the deprivation of interactive service workers, the class consciousness and resistance practices of routine services employees. In domestic science, this issue is considered mainly from the standpoint of economics and management. In Russian sociology, service research has not been fully updated, there is no theoretical foundation, and the concept of service workers as part of the working class has not yet taken form. The majority of Russian authors rely on the structural and functional paradigm in the study of the service sphere, which does not correlate with the problems relevant to international sociology and the methods of their analysis.

PurposeThis article aims to explore the dominant normative patterns that establish the timing and order of life events, determining the desirable life strategies for working-class youth in modern Russia.Design/methodology/approachExploring the interrelationship between new working-class studies and life-course studies, this research combines the consideration of life course as a structurally organised integrity with a phenomenological perspective on the study of life strategies. The empirical basis of research consists of a survey of 1532 young working-class representatives living in the Ural Federal District of Russia and biographical in-depth interviews with 31 of them.FindingsThe study resulted in persisting significance and values of traditional life-course structures while showing that the current social conditions do not allow for this life strategy to be fulfilled. Young workers choose adaptation and survival life strategies that restrict the realisation of their professional and cultural potential. The obtained data have confirmed the presence of some worldwide tendencies, such as the dispersion of events during transition to adulthood, a combination of schooling and full-time work and an earlier career start of working-class representatives.Originality/valueThe sequencing and timing of life-course events of Russian working-class youth is an original research topic. The present study proposes and substantiates the notion of the new working class and criteria for its definition.

In the article the specifics of the functions of social protection of public service employees areanalyzed. The author's classification of functions on the research topic is given. The content of each ofthem is detailed and characterized ; У статті проаналізовано специфіку функцій соціального захисту працівників публічноїслужби. Надано авторську класифікацію функцій по темі дослідження. Деталізовано таохарактеризовано зміст кожної із них.

The purpose of the article is to study the conditions of a political crisis, to analyse the factors of its escalation. For a detailed study of the causes of the political crisis, key achievements of domestic and foreign researchers in this direction were analysed. The article defines the main approaches to explaining the causes of the crisis in the state: economical, elitist and deprivation. The role of deprivation in the development of crisis political processes is revealed. Factors which contribute to the rapid growth of deprivation in society: control of the development of objective conditions that generate dissatisfaction of the population, and information influence. The factors of escalation of political crises are analysed, such as structural stress factors, socio-cultural, regime, accelerating factors, factor of elite fragmentation, factors of mobilization of participation and external factors are distinguished. The role of the human factor in the development of the political crisis is researched. It is proved that explaining the causes of the political crisis can be understood by the motivation of people who have decided to break the usual course of political interactions and resort to atypical forms of political activity. The causes of the emergence and deployment of the political crisis in modern Ukraine are highlighted. It is concluded that the causes of the crisis in Ukraine at the state level can be divided into two: those caused by the hybrid war and those that are systemic and distinguished by their permanence and long-term sustainability. ; Целью данной статьи является исследование условий возникновения политического кризиса, анализ факторов его развития. Для детального изучения причин появления политического кризиса были проанализированы ключевые наработки отечественных и зарубежных исследователей этого направления. В статье определены основные подходы к объяснению причин возникновения кризиса в государстве: экономический, елитологический и депривационный. Раскрывается роль депривации в развитии кризисных политических процессов, определяются факторы, способствующие быстрому росту депривации в обществе: контроль развития объективных условий, порождающих недовольство населения, и информационное воздействие. Анализируются факторы эскалации политических кризисов, выделяются факторы структурного напряжения, социо-культурные, режимные, ускоряющие факторы, фактор элитной фрагментации, факторы мобилизации участия и внешние факторы. Исследуется роль человеческого фактора в наступлении и развитии политического кризиса. Именно люди под влияниемопределенных обстоятельств начинают прибегать к действиям, которые имеют разрушительное воздействие на сложившийся политический порядок. Доказано, что объяснить причины кризиса можно поняв мотивы людей, которые решили нарушить привычный ход политических взаимодействий и прибегнуть к нетипичным форм политической активности. Выделяются причины возникновения и развертывания политического кризиса в современной Украине. Сделан вывод, что причины возникновения кризиса в Украине на уровне государства можно разделить на те, которые вызваны гибридной войной, и те, который являются системными и отличаются перманентностью и долговечностью. ; Метою даної статтіє дослідження умов виникнення політичної кризи, аналіз факторів її розвитку. Для детального вивчення причин появи політичної кризи було проаналізовано ключові напрацювання вітчизняних та зарубіжних дослідників цього напрямку. У статті визначені основні підходи до пояснення причин виникнення кризи в державі: економічний, елітологічний та деприваційний. Розкривається роль депривації в розвитку кризових політичних процесів, визначаються фактори, що сприяють швидкому зростанню депривації в суспільстві: контроль розвитку об'єктивних умов, що породжують невдоволення населення, та інформаційний вплив. Аналізуються фактори ескалації політичних криз, виділяються фактори структурної напруги, соціо-культурні, режимні, прискорюючі фактори, фактор елітної фрагментації, фактори мобілізації участі та зовнішні фактори. Досліджується роль людського фактору в настанні та розвитку політичної кризи.Саме люди під впливом певних обставин починають вдаватися до дій, які мають руйнівний вплив на сформований політичний порядок. Доведено, що пояснити причини кризи можна зрозумівши мотиви людей, які вирішили порушити звичний хід політичних взаємодій і вдатися до нетипових форм політичної активності. Виділяються причини виникнення та розгортання політичної кризи в сучасній Україні.Зроблено висновок, що причини виникнення кризи в Україні на рівні держави можна розподілити на ті, що викликані гібридною війною, та ті, що є системними й відрізняються перманентністю і довготривалістю.

The purpose of the article is to study the conditions of a political crisis, to analyse the factors of its escalation. For a detailed study of the causes of the political crisis, key achievements of domestic and foreign researchers in this direction were analysed. The article defines the main approaches to explaining the causes of the crisis in the state: economical, elitist and deprivation. The role of deprivation in the development of crisis political processes is revealed. Factors which contribute to the rapid growth of deprivation in society: control of the development of objective conditions that generate dissatisfaction of the population, and information influence. The factors of escalation of political crises are analysed, such as structural stress factors, socio-cultural, regime, accelerating factors, factor of elite fragmentation, factors of mobilization of participation and external factors are distinguished. The role of the human factor in the development of the political crisis is researched. It is proved that explaining the causes of the political crisis can be understood by the motivation of people who have decided to break the usual course of political interactions and resort to atypical forms of political activity. The causes of the emergence and deployment of the political crisis in modern Ukraine are highlighted. It is concluded that the causes of the crisis in Ukraine at the state level can be divided into two: those caused by the hybrid war and those that are systemic and distinguished by their permanence and long-term sustainability.

The purpose of the article is to study the conditions of a political crisis, to analyse the factors of its escalation. For a detailed study of the causes of the political crisis, key achievements of domestic and foreign researchers in this direction were analysed. The article defines the main approaches to explaining the causes of the crisis in the state: economical, elitist and deprivation. The role of deprivation in the development of crisis political processes is revealed. Factors which contribute to the rapid growth of deprivation in society: control of the development of objective conditions that generate dissatisfaction of the population, and information influence. The factors of escalation of political crises are analysed, such as structural stress factors, socio-cultural, regime, accelerating factors, factor of elite fragmentation, factors of mobilization of participation and external factors are distinguished. The role of the human factor in the development of the political crisis is researched. It is proved that explaining the causes of the political crisis can be understood by the motivation of people who have decided to break the usual course of political interactions and resort to atypical forms of political activity. The causes of the emergence and deployment of the political crisis in modern Ukraine are highlighted. It is concluded that the causes of the crisis in Ukraine at the state level can be divided into two: those caused by the hybrid war and those that are systemic and distinguished by their permanence and long-term sustainability. ; Целью данной статьи является исследование условий возникновения политического кризиса, анализ факторов его развития. Для детального изучения причин появления политического кризиса были проанализированы ключевые наработки отечественных и зарубежных исследователей этого направления. В статье определены основные подходы к объяснению причин возникновения кризиса в государстве: экономический, елитологический и депривационный. Раскрывается роль депривации в развитии кризисных политических процессов, определяются факторы, способствующие быстрому росту депривации в обществе: контроль развития объективных условий, порождающих недовольство населения, и информационное воздействие. Анализируются факторы эскалации политических кризисов, выделяются факторы структурного напряжения, социо-культурные, режимные, ускоряющие факторы, фактор элитной фрагментации, факторы мобилизации участия и внешние факторы. Исследуется роль человеческого фактора в наступлении и развитии политического кризиса. Именно люди под влияниемопределенных обстоятельств начинают прибегать к действиям, которые имеют разрушительное воздействие на сложившийся политический порядок. Доказано, что объяснить причины кризиса можно поняв мотивы людей, которые решили нарушить привычный ход политических взаимодействий и прибегнуть к нетипичным форм политической активности. Выделяются причины возникновения и развертывания политического кризиса в современной Украине. Сделан вывод, что причины возникновения кризиса в Украине на уровне государства можно разделить на те, которые вызваны гибридной войной, и те, который являются системными и отличаются перманентностью и долговечностью. ; Метою даної статтіє дослідження умов виникнення політичної кризи, аналіз факторів її розвитку. Для детального вивчення причин появи політичної кризи було проаналізовано ключові напрацювання вітчизняних та зарубіжних дослідників цього напрямку. У статті визначені основні підходи до пояснення причин виникнення кризи в державі: економічний, елітологічний та деприваційний. Розкривається роль депривації в розвитку кризових політичних процесів, визначаються фактори, що сприяють швидкому зростанню депривації в суспільстві: контроль розвитку об'єктивних умов, що породжують невдоволення населення, та інформаційний вплив. Аналізуються фактори ескалації політичних криз, виділяються фактори структурної напруги, соціо-культурні, режимні, прискорюючі фактори, фактор елітної фрагментації, фактори мобілізації участі та зовнішні фактори. Досліджується роль людського фактору в настанні та розвитку політичної кризи.Саме люди під впливом певних обставин починають вдаватися до дій, які мають руйнівний вплив на сформований політичний порядок. Доведено, що пояснити причини кризи можна зрозумівши мотиви людей, які вирішили порушити звичний хід політичних взаємодій і вдатися до нетипових форм політичної активності. Виділяються причини виникнення та розгортання політичної кризи в сучасній Україні.Зроблено висновок, що причини виникнення кризи в Україні на рівні держави можна розподілити на ті, що викликані гібридною війною, та ті, що є системними й відрізняються перманентністю і довготривалістю.

The topic of the director's work with a documentary's central figure on the screen, in the conditions of active distribution of visual content, especially in the genre of interviews, is undoubtedly relevant. The interviewee's preparation for filming, the methods of their emancipation, the achievement of the ultimate goal and the truth of life on the screen require detailed study, professional knowledge based on the experience of the classics of documentary film directing — D. Lunkov, Yu. Shiller, I. Belyaev, A. Lysenko, etc. Long-forgotten techniques are closely intertwined with innovative ideas of directors. These include what behavior the interviewer or presenter decides to adhere to. Depending on the combination of factors, the tone and course of on-screen conversation in different genres may change. By adopting a tough model of behavior, the presenter can make the conversation's tone tense and, at the same time, more dynamic and sharp, while a soft behavioral model can make the conversation more sincere and friendly. The article analyzes the specifics of the director's work with a central figure in the process of creating documentary screen works. The authors attempt to comprehend the experience of previous generations of documentary filmmakers, so that young specialists can take into account their mistakes and achieved results when working with the so-called non-actor — a documentary's central figure in the audiovisual screen space. The article concludes that, despite the fact that the solutions to complex problems in the work of a director with a documentary's central figure have already been described by leading practitioners and theorists in the field of audiovisual screen arts, the process of forming a central figure in film and television documentaries is not over. There are controversial points of view on a number of aspects of disclosing the personality of a documentary's central figure, their emancipation on camera and the truth of life on the screen. Therefore, relying on the previous experience of the professionals and taking into account the emergence of new technologies, the younger generation of directors needs to use already well-proven techniques in their work, as well as try to find and apply new approaches (techniques) when creating documentary screen works having a central figure.

The article represents an analytical review of the axiomatics of sociological approaches to class analysis, taking into account gender diferentiation since the 1940s till nowadays. Te problems of primary units selection of the class analysis, conceptual grounds for determining the class position of women and the features of their social status, conditioned by this position, ways of normalizing gender inequality in conventional approaches and criticizing their legitimacy have been considered in the research. It has been found that within the framework of the structural and functional approach of T. Parsons, the class status of the individual is ascetic, the main mechanism for its acquisition and transmission is kinship, while gender inequality is regarded as condition for maintaining the stability of the social system. Te changing structure of employment and women's emancipation has led to the revision of the conventional approach foundations by problem consideration of families as the primary units of class analysis. Subsequently, the dominant approach of J. Goldthorpe eliminates the gender inequality aspect, linking the class position of the household with the position of the partner who plays a leading role in its economic provision. E.O. Wright's approach, representing an infuential neo-Marxist alternative model of class analysis, presupposes the existence of an individual actor as the initial element of class analysis. At the same time, the author emphasizes the existence of exploitation relations in the family, as well as the high degree of risk and uncertainty of the social status of a signifcant number of women. Awareness of the role of individualization in social dynamics, changes in the structure of the global economy and the consequences of de-industrialization in the 1990s changed the original axiomatics of class analysis. Te focus of attention has shifed from the disputes about the criteria of class diferentiation to the analysis of real diferences in people's way of life, generated by social inequality. Modern studies of social inequality take into account the intersection of gender, class, racial and other characteristics of individuals and communities.

This article is dedicated to analyzing the construct of masculinity in the culture of modern Russia's new working class. While leaning on an intersectional perspective, it considers practices of producing its plural forms in everyday interaction, as well as persistent structures of social inequality which secure gender order on an institutional level. The article conducts an analytical overview of relevant foreign studies on the working class' modes of masculinity in the postindustrial era. An empirical study of young representatives of the new working class residing in the Ural federal district helped determine the most common structures of gender order in domestic life and in the workspace: standard male social roles, stereotypical everyday fulfillment of male gender roles, gender restrictions and privileges. It has been revealed that a persistent structural disproportion between various sectors of the economy, when it comes to wages and the gender composition of the workforce, determines the transmission of the standard tendency for reproducing the pattern of a "man-provider", who possesses power in the family based on his control over economic resources. Young working class individuals are still interested in preserving and supporting a patriarchal model of distributing household labor. While women are assigned types of activity which require routine execution at a strictly defined time, men assume chores which can be done sporadically, and can be postponed, which provides them with more leisure time. While evaluating the importance of everyday communication rituals, it was established that young women seek to preserve a traditional pattern of gender interaction more so than young men. The results of the study show a distinction between the expectations of young men and women when it comes to standard everyday gender communication: for the most part, young men still lean towards a model of hegemonic masculinity within the working class, while young women, who support the idea of preserving a patriarchic social order, are prepared to assume their gender role within it provided that they receive financial support and protection on behalf of their men. Indirect signs of hegemonic masculinity are not considered by them to be relevant.

The author of the article discusses the understanding of "imperfect democracies" as one of possible results of democratic transitions. Several variants of the use of modernization and transitology paradigms were suggested for further research themes.