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The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sudden change not only in societal behaviour but also in terms of forms and scale how public administration was running. The aim of this paper is to present intergovernmental relation (IGR) during the first and second wave of COVID-19. In order to do this Central and Self-Government Common Commission (CSGCC) and national local government associations were taken into consideration. In conclusion it is said that during the first wave centralize approach towards the IGR was apparent, however, in the second wave it evolved toward more multilevel relations.

The author tries to answer the question what are the political barriers to the development of metropolitan areas? He concludes that it is incredibly complicated and it causes many conflicts at many levels of authority. Therefore he examines several types of conflicts: conflict central city versus surrounding municipalities, the region vs. metropolis, the region vs. the central authorities, the central authorities vs. Metropolis. The subject of conflict is the division of powers between different tiers of local government. The entity most active in the debate on the shape of jurisdiction is the regional level, which is potentially the biggest loser, because losing a significant portion of its proceeds. Furthermore, in the case of a metropolitan institution manages the development of regional less wealthy individuals. The particular type of conflict we are dealing at the level of the metropolis and the central government. It is extremely destructive and can lead to ones-zero game, which has the privileged position of the government, which could solve the structure of the Metropolitan (for example of London). In view of the fact that political institutions determine the policy framework, the process of introduction of new metropolitan institutions must be carefully planned. Introduction solutions require consultation and a precise division of powers.

On the 21st and 22nd of May 2009, an International Scientific Conference "The Faces of Asian Statehood. Civilization, Cultural, Political, Legal and Economic Aspects" was held in Toruń, Poland. The event took place thanks to the joint initiative of the Asia and Paci! c Society and its Chairman Adam Marszałek – the main organizing institution, Institute of Political Science & Institute of International Relations – University of Nicolaus Copernicus, Toruń, Poland, as well as local (President of Toruń) and regional (Marshal of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region) authorities. Joanna Marszałek- -Kawa was the Scientific Manager of the sessions. Members of the Organizing Committee include also Lucyna Osińska, Robert Gawłowski, Joanna Modrzyńska and Mariusz Popławski.

Participatory budgeting is a tool of social engagement that for many years has been used by local government authorities in Poland. The aim of this article is to investigate how the tool functions in powiats [counties], with particular focus on verifying whether the process of its implementation has been successfully turned into an opportunity for bringing democratic innovation. Drawing on the analysis results, the authors notice that participatory budgeting has proved to be an innovative tool of social engagement adapted into the current system governing powiat administration.

Participatory budgeting is a tool of social engagement that for many years has been used by local government authorities in Poland. The aim of this article is to investigate how the tool functions in powiats [counties], with particular focus on verifying whether the process of its implementation has been successfully turned into an opportunity for bringing democratic innovation. Drawing on the analysis results, the authors notice that participatory budgeting has proved to be an innovative tool of social engagement adapted into the current system governing powiat administration.

Co-production of public services is an increasingly popular tool in public management, although it is still a new phenomenon in Poland. Despite the attention researchers give to co-production, some significant gaps remain. In this article, the author attempts to examine the legal possibility of implementing co-production by the Polish local government by local initiative and Solecki Fund. The article aims to examine how major Polish cities gathered in Union in Polish Metropolises used local initiatives. The next step in research is to find out how Solecki Fund is spread among rural areas according to statistical data. It is proved that only a handful of local governments in Poland are truly engaged in co-production. However, Solecki Fund can be shown as an excellent example of citizens' engagement. It is presented a possible agenda on what can be done to make co-production more popular and used on a regular basis not only in metropolitan but also rural areas.

Purpose: The effectiveness and quality of the tasks performed is an indicator of the functioning of organisations in both the public and private sectors. This article presents experience in implementing Shared Services Centres (SSCs) in both sectors in Great Britain. What are the differences in implementing and functioning of SSCs in the public and private sector organisations, and how much can the organisations of both sectors learn from their experience – these are the key questions that the authors have answered in this article.Design/ methodology/ approach: analysis of literature, reports and available databases.Findings: Private sector experience in creating business process modelling for shared service centres has been implemented in the public sector in the UK. The nature of the shared services provided plays a significant part in the establishing of shared services cen-tres in self-government and government organisations.Research and practical limitations/implications: The article has an important practical value. The results of the research presented in the article may be used to model business processes of public services covered by shared services.Originality/value: The article presents principles of creating and designing shared services in the public sector. The article is direct-ed primarily to managers of public sector entities (self-government and government).Paper type: literature review, theoretical paper.

Purpose: The effectiveness and quality of the tasks performed is an indicator of the functioning of organisations in both the public and private sectors. This article presents experience in implementing Shared Services Centres (SSCs) in both sectors in Great Britain. What are the differences in implementing and functioning of SSCs in the public and private sector organisations, and how much can the organisations of both sectors learn from their experience – these are the key questions that the authors have answered in this article.Design/ methodology/ approach: analysis of literature, reports and available databases.Findings: Private sector experience in creating business process modelling for shared service centres has been implemented in the public sector in the UK. The nature of the shared services provided plays a significant part in the establishing of shared services cen-tres in self-government and government organisations.Research and practical limitations/implications: The article has an important practical value. The results of the research presented in the article may be used to model business processes of public services covered by shared services.Originality/value: The article presents principles of creating and designing shared services in the public sector. The article is direct-ed primarily to managers of public sector entities (self-government and government).Paper type: literature review, theoretical paper.

The weakening role of national states in the international arena and increasing importance of cities at the economic and political levels gave rise to increased interest in the issue of local security. The aim of this paper is to present the way local security is organised and managed in the context of its functioning as part of Poland's internal security. It is concluded by indication of future directions of the development of security management.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.16.3.19336

The weakening role of national states in the international arena and increasing importance of cities at the economic and political levels gave rise to increased interest in the issue of local security. The aim of this paper is to present the way local security is organised and managed in the context of its functioning as part of Poland's internal security. It is concluded by indication of future directions of the development of security management.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.16.3.19336 ; Susilpnėjęs nacionalinių valstybių vaidmuo tarptautinėje arenoje ir didėjanti miestų svarba ekonominiu ir politiniu lygiu sukėlė didesnį susidomėjimą vietos saugumo klausimais. Šio straipsnio tikslas – parodyti, kaip vietos saugumas organizuojamas ir valdomas, atsižvelgiant į jo funkcionavimą kaip dalį Lenkijos vidaus saugumo. Tai daroma, nurodant būsimas saugumo valdymo plėtros kryptis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.16.3.19336