Suchergebnisse

The Teschen region experienced complex and throughout its historical development variable ethnical structure. At the beginning of the 19th century, Silesians were still considered to be a single nation, which had been divided as a result of the Habsburgs' defeat in the Silesian Wars. Language was not considered a criterion for national identity. At first the Czech and Polish communities worked together in the national political fight against Germans, but from 1880s onwards the Czech-Polish rivalry with strong manifestations of animosity prevailed. The tensions escalated during the censuses in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 when respondents declared one or another language of daily use (Umgangssprache). Thousands of immigrants especially from Galicia but also from Bohemian and Moravian midland streamed into the industrial parts of Teschen region. The battle to "recruit" these migrants was a characteristic feature of the nationalist agitation in the censuses.

The Teschen region experienced complex and throughout its historical development variable ethnical structure. At the beginning of the 19th century, Silesians were still considered to be a single nation, which had been divided as a result of the Habsburgs' defeat in the Silesian Wars. Language was not considered a criterion for national identity. At first the Czech and Polish communities worked together in the national political fight against Germans, but from 1880s onwards the Czech-Polish rivalry with strong manifestations of animosity prevailed. The tensions escalated during the censuses in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 when respondents declared one or another language of daily use (Umgangssprache). Thousands of immigrants especially from Galicia but also from Bohemian and Moravian midland streamed into the industrial parts of Teschen region. The battle to "recruit" these migrants was a characteristic feature of the nationalist agitation in the censuses. ; 7 ; 21

Assessment of the census routine in Cisleithania and after 1918 also in Czechoslovakia requires a comparison with census routines in neighbouring countries. Nationality assessments have been always accompanied by controversies that became a part of a political fight and their results have been often impugned. The study sums up opinions as for relevance and trustworthiness of census routines as they were demonstrated at the time of censuses and also later in journalisms and historiography. The greatest attention has been paid to a situation in Germany and Poland due to a numerous German and Polish minority in the Czechoslovak Republic and also due to the fact that in these countries it was mainly the language that was perceived as the main criterion of the nationality and the nationality did not use to be associated with the state citizenship. We can follow how, gradually, in particular historical conditions the very notion of the nationality was being changed together with criteria perceived as the background of the nationality assessment. Various controversial disproportions, as it seems, were much more evident in Poland or Germany than in Cisleithania or in the interwar Czechoslovakia. Nevertheless, it has also turned out that applying of central standpoints upon the situation in much more distant regions would be always precarious, which does not concern the census category only.

Assessment of the census routine in Cisleithania and after 1918 also in Czechoslovakia requires a comparison with census routines in neighbouring countries. Nationality assessments have been always accompanied by controversies that became a part of a political fight and their results have been often impugned. The study sums up opinions as for relevance and trustworthiness of census routines as they were demonstrated at the time of censuses and also later in journalisms and historiography. The greatest attention has been paid to a situation in Germany and Poland due to a numerous German and Polish minority in the Czechoslovak Republic and also due to the fact that in these countries it was mainly the language that was perceived as the main criterion of the nationality and the nationality did not use to be associated with the state citizenship. We can follow how, gradually, in particular historical conditions the very notion of the nationality was being changed together with criteria perceived as the background of the nationality assessment. Various controversial disproportions, as it seems, were much more evident in Poland or Germany than in Cisleithania or in the interwar Czechoslovakia. Nevertheless, it has also turned out that applying of central standpoints upon the situation in much more distant regions would be always precarious, which does not concern the census category only. ; 27 ; 54

Über die Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung im Industriegebiet von Mährisch-Ostrau wurden in den Jahren nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Hunderte von Facharbeiten geschrieben. Die überwiegende Mehrzahl dieser Literatur wurde in der Zeit vom Februar 1948 bis zum November 1989 verfaßt. Im ganzen macht das Sinn, denn die Führungsgarnitur von Gesellschaft und Staat, in dessen Verfassung seit dem Jahre 1960 die 'führende Rolle der kommunistischen Partei' verankert wurde, hatte ein Interesse daran, ihre historische Identität zu bestätigen und zu betonen. Zugleich wollte sie damit beweisen, daß ihre führende Position nicht dem Zufall zuzuschreiben sei, sondern aus den Gesetzmäßigkeiten der historischen Entwicklung resultierte. Zur Analyse wurde auch das gesellschaftliche Angebot und die Themenauswahl formuliert. Für die Periode nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde vor allem auf das Interesse an der Schilderung von radikalen Prozessen der Unzufriedenheit in den Volksmassen, auf die Geschichte der Durchdringung und Verbreitung der sozialistischen Ideen mittels der internationalen Arbeiterkorporationen abgehoben. (ICB2)