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Building on existing analytical frameworks, this book provides a new methodology allowing different language policies in international multilingual organisations (or "language regimes") to be compared and evaluated on the basis of criteria such as efficiency and fairness. It explains step-by-step how to organise the evaluation of language regimes and how to design and interpret indicators for such evaluation. The second part of this book applies the theoretical framework to the evaluation of the language policy of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) division of the World Intellectual Property

This article compares the effectiveness and the fairness of four alternative policies aimed at managing multilingual communication in the European Union. The current multilingual regime, based on the formal equality among the official languages of the European Union Member States disenfranchises only a small percentage of residents. On the contrary, an English-only language policy would exclude 45% to 79% of adult residents in the 25 countries for which data are available, depending on the indicator used. A language regime based on English, French and German would disenfranchise 26% to 49% of residents, whereas a regime based on six languages would bring the shares of the excluded population down to 9–18%. In addition, results show that economically and socially disadvantaged individuals are less likely to speak languages other than their own native tongue, and therefore they are much more likely to be adversely affected if the European Union stops using their language. The current full multilingual policy of the European Union based on translation and interpreting not only is (and will be for the foreseeable future) the most effective language policy among the alternatives examined; it is also the only one that is truly inclusive at a relatively reasonable cost. The British withdrawal from the European Union is likely to increase rather than decrease the importance of a multilingual language policy.

4 Distribution of the Benefits and Costs of Canada's Federal Official Languages Policy: Results for 20014.1 Introduction; 4.2 Costs and Benefits of Two Official Languages in Canada; 4.3 Methodology for Ascertaining the Distribution of the Costs and Benefits of the Federal Official Language Policy; 4.4 Results; 4.5 Conclusion; Notes; References; 5 Economic Value of Reciprocal Bilingualism; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Distribution of Language Skills in Bilingual Societies; 5.3 The Benchmark Model; 5.4 Analysis of the Benchmark Model; 5.5 Extensions; 5.6 Concluding Remarks; Appendix; Notes; References

As a step towards a systematic comparative evaluation of the fairness of different language policies, a rationale is presented for the design of an index of linguistic justice based on public policy analysis. The approach taken is to define a 'minimum threshold of linguistic justice' with respect to government language policy in three domains: law and order, public administration, and essential services. A hypothetical situation of pure equality and freedom in the choice of language used by all members of society in communicating with the state is used as a theoretical benchmark to study the distributive effects of policy alternatives. Departures from this standard incur lower scores. Indicators are chosen to assess effective access to three kinds of language rights: toleration (the lack of state interference in private language choices), accommodation (accessibility of public services in different languages), and compensation (symbolic and practical recognition of languages outside the dominant one). In order to take account of the cost-benefit trade-offs involved in providing language-related goods to language groups of varying sizes, a method is adopted for weighting scores with respect to compensation rights so that lack of recognition for larger groups incurs greater penalties, while factoring in the particular characteristics of each language-related good. A trial set of ten indicators illustrates the compromises entailed in balancing theoretical rigour with empirical feasibility.

"The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning is a comprehensive and authoritative survey, including original contributions from leading senior scholars and rising stars to provide a basis for future research in language policy and planning in international, national, regional and local contexts"--

This article introduces and discusses the concept of Emergency Language Policy. Research in language policy and planning has not paid enough attention to the study of language policies in emergency situations, when usually there is little or no time to study and investigate in-depth the existing conditions of a language before planning interventions. The Covid-19 outbreak provided the opportunity to critically examine the way multilingual communication was handled in 2020, particularly in relation to linguistic minorities in Europe. While this article does not aim at proposing a theory of Emergency Language Policy, it sets out some recommendations and principles for future policies to minimise inequalities that structurally disadvantage linguistic minorities. The study of language policy in an emergency should focus on the preparation of flexible, rapid intervention contingency plans to be deployed in case of need, and on the creation and maintenance of systems capable of reacting to the unpredictable and of monitoring short-term changes.

The EU professes to have a positive policy towards RMLs, as enshrined in Article 22 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. Since the beginning of the 1980s the then European Economic Community has shown some awareness of the issue and has tried to support RMLs in a variety of ways. This support, nevertheless, has decreased over time, in particular since 2000. The goal of this article is to provide a detailed financial assessment of EU support to RMLs from 1994 to 2006 and to present the main trend in RMLs support after 2006. This article, based on official data, shows that the amounts concerned, even during the relatively more favourable 1990s, have remained small. We also conclude that RML-specific programmes and actions (as opposed to mainstreaming support) have been much more successful at channelling resources towards RMLs. We conclude the article by discussing the most important trends in RML support after 2006, showing that support from the EU in this area has remained modest.

ISSN 0354-0286 Print/ISSN 1854-5181 Online ; The EU professes to have a positive policy towards RMLs, as enshrined in Article 22 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. Since the beginning of the 1980s the then European Economic Community has shown some awareness of the issue and has tried to support RMLs in a variety of ways. This support, nevertheless, has decreased over time, in particular since 2000. The goal of this article is to provide a detailed financial assessment of EU support to RMLs from 1994 to 2006 and to present the main trend in RMLs support after 2006. This article, based on official data, shows that the amounts concerned, even during the relatively more favourable 1990s, have remained small. We also conclude that RML-specific programmes and actions (as opposed to mainstreaming support) have been much more successful at channelling resources towards RMLs. We conclude the article by discussing the most important trends in RML support after 2006, showing that supportfrom the EU in this area has remained modest. ; Peer reviewed