Suchergebnisse

Cet article analyse les négociations pour l'adhésion de l'Irlande à la Communauté Économique Européenne (CEE) au début des années 1970 et le problème qui en est venu à dominer les discussions entre Dublin et Bruxelles, à savoir la Politique commune de la pêche (PCP). Désireuse d'intégrer le Marché Commun, Dublin est contrainte d'accepter une politique profondément erronée et précipitée qui aurait un impact négatif sur l'industrie de la pêche du pays. Fondé sur des archives irlandaises et de la CEE, l'article explore la stratégie de négociation de l'Irlande, les origines de la PCP et les négociations tendues entre l'Irlande et la Communauté au sujet de la pêche. Son argument central est que l'empressement de l'Irlande à rejoindre la CEE, presque à n'importe quel prix, signifiait qu'elle n'avait pas d'autre choix que d'accepter une politique dont Dublin savait qu'elle profiterait davantage à d'autres États. En outre, l'article souligne comment, alors que le premier élargissement était voué au succès, les candidats n'avaient qu'une capacité limitée à modifier l' acquis communautaire.

Unmanaged honey bee colonies of local ecotype surviving without human intervention are likely to form a valuable genetic resource for the sustainability of managed apiaries as well conservation of threatened subspecies. In Ireland, following the Isle of Wight disease (which devastated honey bee colonies at the beginning of the 20th century) and subsequent hybridisation with C lineage bees, there has been a general acceptance by government agencies, scientists, and many beekeepers that no Apis mellifera mellifera (Amm) colonies persisted in the wild. However, sporadic reports were received in 2014/2015 of the existence of unmanaged honey bee colonies. Given that Ireland's human population is low in density with only 32 persons per square km in some rural areas and only approximately 3000 registered beekeepers, many of whom are reported to not favour purchasing imported bees, it is feasible that honeybees could have naturally adapted to introduced pathogens such as Varroa destructor. We initiated an investigation into the state of unmanaged honey bee colonies and in 2016 we launched a nationwide request through press and social media seeking locations of unmanaged colonies which realised over 170 replies in a short time period. We found that unmanaged colonies have utilised a wide variety of both natural and artificial cavities and survived unaided for periods reported to be from three to over 20 years. Given the difficulty in confirming the authenticity of these timings the survival of individual colonies has been monitored since 2016. Sixty-two of the colonies were sampled and a combined approach using mitochondrial, microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping has shown the majority to be pure Apis mellifera mellifera and forming an integral part of the previously described pure Amm population in Ireland. This data, along with survival records for >2 years, and details of surrounding habitat and health of the unmanaged colonies, will be presented. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion