Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Gender stereotypes contribute to gender imbalances, and analyzing their variations across countries is important for understanding and mitigating gender inequalities. However, measuring stereotypes is difficult, particularly in a cross-cultural context. Word embeddings are a recent useful tool in natural language processing permitting to measure the collective gender stereotypes embedded in a society. In this work, we used word embedding models pre-trained on large text corpora from more than 70 different countries to examine how gender stereotypes vary across countries. We considered stereotypes associating men with career and women with family as well as those associating men with math or science and women with arts or liberal arts. Relying on two different sources (Wikipedia and Common Crawl), we found that these gender stereotypes are all significantly more pronounced in the text corpora of more economically developed and more individualistic countries. Our analysis suggests that more economically developed countries, while being more gender equal along several dimensions, also have stronger gender stereotypes. Public policy aiming at mitigating gender imbalances in these countries should take this feature into account. Besides, our analysis sheds light on the "gender equality paradox," i.e. on the fact that gender imbalances in a large number of domains are paradoxically stronger in more developed/gender equal/individualistic countries.

The process of globalization has brought into focus the central role of culture in understanding work behavior. In parallel to the accelerating process of globalization, there has been an explosion of empirical studies on culture and organizational behavior. Written by a diverse group of experts in the field, this handbook provides critical knowledge on how cultures vary, and how culture influences basic psychological processes, communication, trust, social networks, leadership, and negotiation. It also covers how to manage multicultural teams, culture and human resource management practices, joint ventures, organizational change, and more.

With 'change' serving as the central theme of this edited volume, contributing authors have advanced new and insightful frameworks to analyze vast empirical data in order to explain the dynamics of cross-national variation, values, political engagement, morality, and development in the Middle East and North Africa in light of the Arab Spring. Methodological issues in survey research are also addressed in this volume.

Abstract
The European Union is in the process of abolishing the bi-annual clock change. Against this backdrop, we analyze how daylight and twilight affect the sustainable transport mode of cycling, and find that better daylight conditions generally lead to higher levels of cycling. The extent of this effect depends on the type of traffic and the time of day. An all-year implementation of Daylight Saving Time would then lead to an increase in overall cycling levels of around 3.14 %–3.37 %, compared to an all-year Standard Time. This would imply an increase of around 1.27–1.36 billion cycled kilometers per year in Germany alone. Additionally, we provide monetary estimates for the external effects of such changes in cycling levels.

With increasing globalization of business and science, cultural differences of the parties are an important factor that affects the process and outcomes of collaborative and self-interested interactions. The social science literature on culture, human collaboration and negotiation is mostly devoted to work within the same culture. Computer science and Artificial intelligence researchers have developed computational models of cooperation, conflict resolution and negotiation without paying a great deal of attention to identifying and modelling cultural factors. The interest in understanding inter-cultural interactions has increased substantially and has led to greater interest of social scientists and computational scientists in theoretical and experimental analysis of inter-cultural exchanges, modelling and support. The aim of this volume is to bridge the gap and bring these communities together to share research work and experiences, discuss ideas and forge interdisciplinary collaborative relations

"This book, which provides an in-depth review of the field of negotiation theory, expands current thinking to include cross-cultural perspectives. The contents of the book reflect the diversity of negotiation - research-negotiator cognition, motivation, emotion, communication, power and disputing, intergroup relationships, third parties, justice, technology, and social dilemmas - and provide new insight into negotiation theory, questioning assumptions, expanding constructs, and identifying limits not apparent from working exclusively within one culture."--Jacket

Abstract
American gun-owners, uniquely, view firearms as a means of keeping themselves safe from dangers both physical and psychological. We root this belief in the experience of White Southerners during Reconstruction—a moment when a massive upsurge in the availability of firearms co-occurred with a worldview threat from the emancipation and the political empowerment of Black Southerners. We show that the belief-complex formed in this historical moment shapes contemporary gun culture: The prevalence of slavery in a Southern county (measured in 1860) predicts the frequency of firearms in the present day. This relationship holds above and beyond a number of potential covariates, including contemporary crime rates, police spending, degree of racial segregation and inequality, socioeconomic conditions, and voting patterns in the 2016 Presidential election; and is partially mediated by the frequency of people in the county reporting that they generally do not feel safe. This Southern origin of gun culture may help to explain why we find that worries about safety do not predict county-level gun ownership outside of historically slave-owning counties, and why we find that social connection to historically slaveholding counties predicts county-level gun ownership, even outside of the South.

AbstractMDS (multidimensional scaling) is a technique that enables researchers to uncover the spatial representation or "hidden structure" that underlies and defines behavioral data – such as negotiator or disputant perceptions and preferences. Although MDS has wide-ranging theoretical and applied appeal, it has been highly underutilized in the conflict and negotiation literature. In this paper, we seek to illustrate the promise that MDS offers in the study of conflict and negotiation. We begin with a discussion of how MDS can be differentiated from other multivariate techniques, such as factor analysis. Next we provide a brief overview of multidimensional scaling techniques – highlighting the various methods available for collecting proximity data and the computer analysis programs that can be used to analyze them. We further review the nature of the results and the ways in which they are interpreted. We conclude with some examples of the types of questions that have been addressed using MDS in the conflict and negotiation literature and a discussion about the promise this technique has for future research.

MDS (multidimensional scaling) is a technique that enables researchers to uncover the spatial representation or "hidden structure" that underlies & defines behavioral data -- such as negotiator or disputant perceptions & preferences. Although MDS has wide-ranging theoretical & applied appeal, it has been highly underutilized in the conflict & negotiation literature. In this paper, we seek to illustrate the promise that MDS offers in the study of conflict & negotiation. We begin with a discussion of how MDS can be differentiated from other multivariate techniques, such as factor analysis. Next we provide a brief overview of multidimensional scaling techniques -- highlighting the various methods available for collecting proximity data & the computer analysis programs that can be used to analyze them. We further review the nature of the results & the ways in which they are interpreted. We conclude with some examples of the types of questions that have been addressed using MDS in the conflict & negotiation literature & a discussion about the promise this technique has for future research. References. Adapted from the source document.

The field of culture and psychology is one of the fastest growing areas in the social sciences. The Handbook of Advances in Culture and Psychology, Volume 10 belongs to the only annual series that offers state-of-the-art reviews of scholarly research programs in this burgeoning field.